{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:49:27Z","timestamp":1790952567863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug use disorders (DUDs) are serious medical issues worldwide, especially in adolescents and young adults. This study aims to assess the global pattern and trends in disease burden due to DUDs among adolescents and young adults and its health inequalities from 1992 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We downloaded data on the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to DUDs among people aged 15\u201339 years from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to assess the time trend of disease burden. The slope index and the concentration index were calculated to assess cross-national health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were approximately 40.2 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 34.7\u201347.7] million cases of DUDs among adolescents and young adults worldwide. The total burden of DUDs in adolescents and young adults measured in DALYs was 10.2 (95% UI: 8.2\u201312.3) million in 2021, an increase of 38.2% from 1992. In the APC model, the age effect showed that people aged 35\u201339 were at the lowest risk, and the highest risk existed in people aged 25\u201329 years; period effects showed that there was a decline first and then a rising risk of prevalence for both sexes; birth effects presented a rising first and then a declining risk of prevalence in successive birth cohorts. The slope index increased from 195.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 166.1\u2013225.7] in 1992 to 228.7 (95% CI: 190.4\u2013267) in 2021. The concentration index also increased from 0.24 (95% CI: 0.19\u20130.29) in 1992 to 0.5 (95% CI: 0.36\u20130.64) in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disease burdens due to DUDs among adolescents and young adults suggest that more measures should be taken to limit drug abuse. We should pay attention to body health and substance use in adolescents and young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T06:25:13Z","timestamp":1764915913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global burden and health inequalities of drug use disorders in adolescents and young adults from 1992 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109542","article-title":"Time trends and associated factors of global burden due to drug use disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019","volume":"238","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd008063","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008063.pub2","article-title":"Motivational interviewing for substance abuse","volume":"2011","author":"Smedslund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","article-title":"Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1705-6","article-title":"Relationship between ecstasy use and depression: a study controlling for poly-drug use","volume":"173","author":"Roiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1238","article-title":"Vulnerability to HIV infection among female drug users in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Ghimire","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000657","article-title":"Trends of the incidence of drug use disorders from 1990 to 2017: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 data","volume":"29","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.08.005","article-title":"Prevention of substance use disorders","volume":"106","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2021.30.5.272","article-title":"Adolescence: physical changes and neurological development","volume":"30","author":"Best","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00075","article-title":"Overview of adolescent and young adult oncology","volume":"15","author":"Coccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00476-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224530","article-title":"Global, regional and national temporal trends in prevalence for musculoskeletal disorders in women of childbearing age, 1990\u20132019: an age-period-cohort analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"83","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102443","article-title":"Global, regional, and national temporal trends in prevalence for depressive disorders in older adults, 1990\u20132019: an age-period-cohort analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"100","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101646","article-title":"Time trends in tuberculosis mortality across the BRICS: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019","volume":"53","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","article-title":"A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.04.009","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04200","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04200","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in diseases associated with high body mass index from 1990 to 2019: result from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102829","article-title":"Temporal trends in cross-country inequalities of stroke and subtypes burden from 1990 to 2021: a secondary analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"76","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00247-4","article-title":"Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder","volume":"7","author":"Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.11.009","article-title":"Cannabis and adolescent brain development","volume":"148","author":"Lubman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Itc1","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202201180","article-title":"Opioid use disorder","volume":"175","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax1532","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax1532","article-title":"The treatment of cocaine use disorder","volume":"5","author":"Kampman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19142-0","article-title":"Burden of drug use disorders in the United States from 1990 to 2021 and its projection until 2035: results from the GBD study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103677","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years of drug use disorders for 204 countries and territories during the past 30 years","volume":"86","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12783","article-title":"Research review: what have we learned about adolescent substance use?","volume":"59","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyt061","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of a smoking prevention program based on the \u2018Life Skills Training' approach","volume":"28","author":"Luna-Adame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.12.021","article-title":"Exercise and substance use among American youth, 1991\u20132009","volume":"40","author":"Terry-McElrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11081182","article-title":"Unemployment and substance use: an updated review of studies from North America and Europe","volume":"11","author":"Nolte-Troha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.022","article-title":"Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa: data from Global Burden of Disease 2009\u20132019","volume":"75","author":"Golabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659675\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T06:25:14Z","timestamp":1764915914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659675\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659675","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"article-number":"1659675"}}