{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:16:53Z","timestamp":1792203413669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article examines how the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) recommendations and guidelines on public health and social measures (PHSM) have changed since COVID-19. Doing so allows insights on what lessons WHO has learned from the COVID-19 response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The article analyses six recent WHO publications detailing recommendations on PHSM and compares them against three pre-COVID-19 WHO documents. The analysis also assesses the evidence-base used for these recommendations to better understand WHO\u2019s substantive basis and rationale for the PHSM changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis reveals substantial changes in WHO recommendations, often without systematic evidence assessment. Several population-wide interventions including quarantine, travel measures, and universal masking have become normalized in post-COVID documents, despite being previously discouraged. When evidence is cited, it often pertains to narrowly defined short-term outcomes, with limited consideration of broader societal impacts. Adverse effects of PHSM are recognized, but mitigation takes priority over avoiding harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic evaluation of the evidence on PHSM during the COVID-19 pandemic, including their effectiveness and collateral effects, is imperative before revising changes in recommendations for future pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1664330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:24:07Z","timestamp":1761632647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["WHO\u2019s pandemic response recommendations after COVID-19: lessons learned or learnings lost?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jean Merlin","family":"von Agris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blagovesta","family":"Tacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett Wallace","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"World health assembly adopts historic pandemic agreement to make the world more equitable and safer from future pandemics","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The pandemic fund","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Pandemic hub","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"WHO benchmarks for strengthening health emergency capacities","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114114","article-title":"Waning of BNT162b2 vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar","volume":"385","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00089-7","article-title":"Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden","volume":"399","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008684","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008684","article-title":"The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good","volume":"7","author":"Bardosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625778","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.625778","article-title":"COVID-19: rethinking the lockdown groupthink","volume":"9","author":"Joffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607727","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2025.1607727","article-title":"What lessons can be learned from the management of the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"30","author":"Quinn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21201","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010625117","article-title":"Explaining the homogeneous diffusion of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions across heterogeneous countries","volume":"117","author":"Sebhatu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114655","article-title":"Age-stratified infection fatality rate of COVID-19 in the non-elderly population","volume":"1","author":"Pezzullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.05.002","article-title":"The normative authority of the World Health Organization","volume":"129","author":"Gostin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"WHO handbook for guideline development","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012615","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012615","article-title":"An analysis of WHO\u2019S temporary recommendations on international travel and trade measures during public health emergencies of international concern","volume":"8","author":"Worsnop","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Resolution of the world health assembly WHA74.7 strengthening WHO preparedness for and response to health emergencies","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Report of the WHO global technical consultation on public health and social measures during health emergencies","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Resolution of the world health assembly WHA78.3: strengthening the evidence-base for public health and social measures","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Conceptual framework for public health and social measures in the context of infectious disease transmission","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Building coalitions for strengthening public health and social measures during health emergencies: meeting report","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Global guidance on monitoring public health and social measures policies during health emergencies","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.289959","article-title":"A global research agenda on public health and social measures during emergencies","volume":"101","author":"Ludolph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"PHSM knowledge hub: evidence and tools for assessing the impact of public health and social measures during health emergencies","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"WHO launches new collaborating Centre to advance research on public health and social measures during health emergencies","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref30","year":""},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Pandemic influenza risk management: a WHO guide to inform and harmonize national and international pandemic preparedness and response","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Managing epidemics: Key facts about major deadly diseases","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Learnings from COVID-19 for future respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness: a summary of the literature","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Preparedness and resilience for emerging threats. Module 1: Planning for respiratory pathogen pandemics","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"WHO guideline on contact tracing","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Sands","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/644537","article-title":"What is a pandemic?","volume":"200","author":"Morens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Rational policy over panic: re-evaluating pandemic risk within the global pandemic prevention, preparedness and response agenda","author":"Bell","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Infection prevention and control in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a living guideline","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Infection prevention and control in the context of COVID-19: a guideline","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"WHO benchmarks for international health regulations (IHR) capacities","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Role of social protection in reducing the burden of public health and social measures during the COVID-19 pandemic evidence review","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12055","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.12055","article-title":"The effects of public health and social measures (PHSM) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"2","author":"Fadlallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Evid Synth Methods"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230211","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0211","article-title":"Executive summary to the Royal Society report \u201cCOVID-19: examining the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions\u201d","volume":"381","author":"Walport","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226922","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1226922","article-title":"Impacts of public health and social measures on COVID-19 in Europe: a review and modified Delphi technique","volume":"11","author":"Paulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13546-6","article-title":"The relative effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on wave one Covid-19 mortality: natural experiment in 130 countries","volume":"22","author":"Stokes","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"COVID-19: Examining the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230133","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0133","article-title":"Effectiveness of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid systematic review","volume":"381","author":"Boulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230132","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0132","article-title":"Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings","volume":"381","author":"Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230131","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0131","article-title":"Effectiveness of testing, contact tracing and isolation interventions among the general population on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review","volume":"381","author":"Littlecott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230134","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0134","article-title":"Effectiveness of international border control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative synthesis of published systematic reviews","volume":"381","author":"Gr\u00e9pin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230130","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0130","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19: a systematic review on environmental control measures","volume":"381","author":"Madhusudanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230129","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0129","article-title":"Effectiveness of communications in enhancing adherence to public health behavioural interventions: a COVID-19 evidence review","volume":"381","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2024.2349894","article-title":"Royal Society report: what would a comprehensive evaluation suggest about non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19?","volume":"34","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ecaf.12611","article-title":"The covid-19 lesson from Sweden: don\u2019t lock down","volume":"44","author":"Andersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ Aff"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Did lockdowns work? The verdict on Covid restrictions","author":"Herby","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075223","article-title":"Unintended consequences of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for population health and health inequalities","volume":"20","author":"\u00d3hAiseadha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2309557120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309557120","article-title":"Variability in excess deaths across countries with different vulnerability during 2020\u20132023","volume":"120","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13571516.2021.1976051","article-title":"Covid-19 lockdown cost\/benefits: a critical assessment of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Econ Bus"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006207.pub4","article-title":"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses","volume":"2011","author":"Jefferson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012423","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00124-23","article-title":"Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review","volume":"37","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabi9069","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi9069","article-title":"Impact of community masking on COVID-19: a cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh","volume":"375","author":"Abaluck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref63","author":"Anderson","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06704-z","article-title":"Re-analysis on the statistical sampling biases of a mask promotion trial in Bangladesh: a statistical replication","volume":"23","author":"Chikina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"The Bangladesh mask study: a Bayesian perspective","author":"Fenton","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6817","article-title":"Effectiveness of adding a mask recommendation to other public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Danish mask wearers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Bundgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e078918","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078918","article-title":"Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms in adults: pragmatic randomised superiority trial","volume":"24","author":"Solberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75455","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.75455","article-title":"Reevaluating mask effectiveness: insights from evidence-based medicine and clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Spira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/acdf12","article-title":"Revisiting the rationale of mandatory masking","volume":"17","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-022-00163-7","article-title":"Public health ethics: critiques of the \u201cnew normal\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Jamrozik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monash Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240287","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240287","article-title":"Facemask against viral respiratory infections among hajj pilgrims: a challenging cluster-randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"Alfelali","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206528119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2206528119","article-title":"The effect of masks on cognitive performance","volume":"119","author":"Smerdon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114755","article-title":"Communicating and reading emotion with masked faces in the Covid era: a short review of the literature","volume":"316","author":"Ramdani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-021-01133-9","article-title":"Coronakinderstudien \u201cCo-Ki\u201d: erste Ergebnisse eines deutschlandweiten Registers zur Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung (Maske) bei Kindern","volume":"169","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Monatsschr Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109308","article-title":"Current knowledge on the presence, biodegradation, and toxicity of discarded face masks in the environment","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"ref76","volume-title":"Strengthening pandemic preparedness and response through integrated modelling","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"The state of the global education crisis: a path to recovery","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"Fiscal influences on inflation in OECD countries, 2020-2022","author":"Barro","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"Focus on precautionary principle \u2014 applications relevant to public health emergency preparedness","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref80","author":"Konyndyk","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref81","author":"Dercon","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-022-00851-3","article-title":"\u201cNo regrets\u201d purchasing in a pandemic: making the most of advance purchase agreements","volume":"18","author":"Thornton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.9.1358","article-title":"The precautionary principle also applies to public health actions","volume":"91","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2020.240","article-title":"When my information changes, I Alter my conclusions. What can we learn from the failures to adaptively respond to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the under preparedness of health systems to manage COVID-19?","volume":"11","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11024-022-09479-4","article-title":"Censorship and suppression of Covid-19 heterodoxy: tactics and counter-tactics","volume":"61","author":"Shir-Raz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070572","article-title":"Role of scientific advice in covid-19 policy","volume":"7","author":"Jarman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1332\/030557321X16831146677554","article-title":"Analysing the \u2018follow the science\u2019 rhetoric of government responses to COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"MacAulay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Policy Polit"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/13691481211054957","article-title":"\u2018Guided by the science\u2019: (De)politicising the UK government\u2019s response to the coronavirus crisis","volume":"24","author":"Kettell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Polit Int Relat"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11115-022-00614-z","article-title":"The role of scientific expertise in COVID-19 policy-making: evidence from four European countries","volume":"2","author":"Hodges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Organ Rev"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2020.08.004","article-title":"Forecasting for COVID-19 has failed","volume":"38","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Forecast"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457239","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2025.2457239","article-title":"Rethinking trust and public health compliance: introducing a trust continuum for policy and practice","volume":"11","author":"Fox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Syst Reform"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Wie gef\u00e4hrlich ist COVID-19? Die subjektive Risikoeinsch\u00e4tzung einer lebensbedrohlichen COVID-19-Erkrankung im Fr\u00fchjahr und Fr\u00fchsommer 2020 in Deutschland","author":"Hertwig","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210678","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210678","article-title":"The limitations of polling data in understanding public support for COVID-19 lockdown policies","volume":"8","author":"Foad","year":"2021","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"ref94","volume-title":"A state of fear: How the UK government weaponised fear during the Covid-19 pandemic","author":"Dodsworth","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1664330\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:24:13Z","timestamp":1761632653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1664330\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1664330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1664330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"article-number":"1664330"}}