{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:30:01Z","timestamp":1764052201265,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV\/AIDS death estimates serve as crucial indicators for monitoring the status of the epidemic and the progress of intervention projects. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study and the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database offer open-access statistics on a global scale. This study compared HIV\/AIDS death estimates between these two databases and explored the potential sources of discrepancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV\/AIDS death counts and mortality rates (per 100,000 population) for 2019 were extracted from both databases and categorized based on age, sex, and country. The absolute and standardized differences between the GBD and WHO estimates were analyzed across demographic groups and countries. Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients and regression plots were used to assess consistency and visualize the associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 78 countries with overlapping data, GBD estimated that there were 108,668 deaths due to HIV\/AIDS, while the WHO reported 48,754 deaths, yielding a difference of 59,914 deaths (76.1% of the mean estimate). Despite the overall strong correlations between the two reports (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), notable discrepancies were observed in male individuals, the 15\u201354 age group, and in several countries, including Thailand (23,563), Brazil (6,063), the Philippines (4,658), Ukraine (4,238), Peru (2,617), and the United States (2,325).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial differences in HIV\/AIDS death estimates continue to exist in a few countries, likely due to variations in vital registration data quality, ICD coding practices, and estimation methodologies between databases. These findings highlight the need to strengthen mortality data systems and improve methodological transparency to enhance global HIV\/AIDS mortality surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1669277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:26:25Z","timestamp":1764051985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of HIV\/AIDS death estimates for 2019 between GBD 2019 and WHO mortality databases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079027","article-title":"A history of HIV discovery","volume":"298","author":"Montagnier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006841","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841","article-title":"Origins of Hiv and the aids pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"2025 global HIV fact sheet","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272405","article-title":"Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: a pathway to ending aids","volume":"17","author":"Frescura","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31070-5","article-title":"Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the sustainable development goals: the international AIDS society-lancet commission","volume":"392","author":"Bekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00044-1","article-title":"Three decades of population health changes in Japan, 1990-2021: a subnational analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"10","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.011","article-title":"Trends in age- and sex-specific lung cancer mortality in Europe and northern America: analysis of vital registration data from the WHO mortality database between 2000 and 2017","volume":"171","author":"Baum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy144","article-title":"What is the true tuberculosis mortality burden? Differences in estimates by the World Health Organization and the global burden of disease study","volume":"47","author":"Garcia-Basteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000003412","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990-2050: a systematic comparative analysis based on retrospective cross-sectional of GBD 2021 and WHO surveillance systems","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15357","article-title":"Comparison of primary liver cancer mortality estimates from World Health Organization, global burden disease and global cancer observatory","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.09.012","article-title":"Comparing road safety performance across countries: do data source and type of mortality indicator matter?","volume":"121","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216613","article-title":"A new method to attribute differences in total deaths between groups to population size, age structure and age-specific mortality rate","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e807","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00212-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of HIV\/AIDS, 1990-2021, and forecasts to 2050, for 204 countries and territories: the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001810","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001810","article-title":"Elements of a strategic approach for strengthening national mortality statistics programmes","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30354-6","article-title":"Trends in mortality related to pulmonary embolism in the European region, 2000-15: analysis of vital registration data from the WHO mortality database","volume":"8","author":"Barco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"WHO methods and data sources for country-level causes of death 2000-2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002586","article-title":"The civil registration system is a potentially viable data source for reliable subnational mortality measurement in India","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30936-9","article-title":"Syria: a health crisis too great to ignore","volume":"388","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2011-040261","article-title":"Evaluation of the Vietnamese A6 mortality reporting system: injury as a cause of death","volume":"18","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae132","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae132","article-title":"Evolving AIDS- and non-AIDS mortality and predictors in the PISCIS cohort of people living with HIV in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (Spain), 1998-2020","volume":"11","author":"Nomah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"UNAIDS, WHO support DOH\u2019S call for urgent action as the Philippines faces the fastest-growing HIV surge in the Asia-Pacific region","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2022-100601","article-title":"Development of automated HIV case reporting system using the national electronic medical record in Thailand","volume":"29","author":"Yingyong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00081821","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00081821","article-title":"Assessing the underreporting of deaths among people living with HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2014 to 2019","volume":"38","author":"Paula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-023-00585-1","article-title":"Addressing HIV stigma in healthcare, community, and legislative settings in central and Eastern Europe","volume":"20","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1669277\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:26:27Z","timestamp":1764051987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1669277\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1669277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1669277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"article-number":"1669277"}}