{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:54:02Z","timestamp":1793055242839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Industrial emissions in Karachi contribute to poor ambient air quality and may adversely affect nearby residents\u2019 respiratory health. This study assessed whether residential distance from industrial zones is associated with respiratory symptoms and chronic respiratory disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a comparative, community-based cross-sectional survey (March\u2013August 2024) of 462 adults sampled equally around three industrial zones S. I. T. E., Korangi, and Landhi (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f154 each). Residential distance to the nearest industrial zone was classified as within 5\u202fkm vs. more than 5\u202fkm (distance estimated from mapped home addresses). Respiratory outcomes (symptoms; chronic bronchitis; asthma) were obtained via a validated questionnaire, and multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted associations.\n                      <jats:italic>This was a cross-sectional, community-based study using self-reported data without clinical assessments.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with residents living more than 5\u202fkm away, those living within 5\u202fkm reported substantially higher prevalences of cough, phlegm, wheeze, and dyspnea. Living more than 5\u202fkm from an industrial zone was independently associated with markedly lower odds of chronic bronchitis (adjusted OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02\u20130.72) and asthma (adjusted OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03\u20130.67). Higher education was protective for both outcomes, and regular mask use was protective for chronic bronchitis; smoking and industrial employment were associated with greater respiratory morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Karachi, residing within 5\u202fkm of major industrial zones is linked to a higher burden of self-reported respiratory symptoms and chronic respiratory disease. These findings underscore the importance of early screening and preventive strategies for nearby communities and support zoning and urban-planning measures that increase residential buffers from industrial facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1672049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:28:19Z","timestamp":1763965699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Residential proximity to industrial zones and self-reported respiratory morbidity: a community-based cross-sectional survey of three Karachi industrial areas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kiran","family":"Shahbaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiraz","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroosa","family":"Nighat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfanullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farkhanda","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111487","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2021.111487","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on health: a mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"201","author":"Dominski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166340","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.166340","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in an era of climate change: a review of the current evidence","volume":"898","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/AC8895","article-title":"Impact of air pollution exposure on lung function and exhaled breath biomarkers in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Carraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/INTECHOPEN.93104","article-title":"Industrial air emission pollution: potential sources and sustainable mitigation","author":"Munsif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Emiss"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119134","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2022.119134","article-title":"Air pollution and health impacts during the COVID-19 lockdowns in Grenoble, France","volume":"303","author":"Aix","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Noncommunicable diseases","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007266","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2014-007266","article-title":"Industrial hygiene, occupational safety and respiratory symptoms in the Pakistani cotton industry","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular disease basics | US EPA. 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