{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:03:17Z","timestamp":1790625797303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid detection of infectious disease agents is crucial for timely public health responses. Wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) offers a complementary approach by detecting pathogens shed by infected individuals, including asymptomatic cases. This scoping review provides an overview of reported public health actions in response to WES for human pathogens. It also summarizes sampling and analysis methods and offers insights for future implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol for this review was registered in the PROCEED open-access registry. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature published up to 31 July 2024. Studies were included if they reported public health actions in response to WES related to infectious diseases in human populations. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data on public health responses, sampling, and analytical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 6,630 articles screened, 49 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies (92%) were published between 2021 and 2024, with SARS-CoV-2 as the primary focus (82%), followed by poliovirus (16%). Research was largely conducted in high-income regions: North America (51%), Asia (22%), and Europe (14%). Target populations included urban residents (57%) and on-campus students (31%) and local authorities were more often involved in WES efforts than national agencies (51% vs. 33%). In 75% of studies, at least two public health actions were implemented, and 20% reported five or more. The most common actions related to reactive disease control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 69), including testing, isolation, and contact tracing. Proactive disease control actions (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 33) and public health communication (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22) were also described. Weekly sampling (57%) and composite methods (67%) were most used. Manhole sampling, despite equal frequency with treatment plant sampling (35%), led to significantly more public health actions (61 vs. 35). Long-term surveillance was often reported but rarely sustained. Quantitative and molecular analyses dominated; sequencing was rarely used (4%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While reporting on public health actions following WES remains limited, this review illustrates its potential to inform timely, local interventions. Future studies should broaden pathogen targets, embed public health action planning in study design, and expand WES use in low-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1675742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:34:50Z","timestamp":1768545290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Public health actions in response to pathogen detection in wastewater and the environment: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maarten de","family":"Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam)","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (AI&I) and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolinda de","family":"Korne-Elenbaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology","place":["Eawag, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewout","family":"Fanoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Region Utrecht (GGD Regio Utrecht)","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertjan","family":"Medema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Water Research Institute","place":["Nieuwegein, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda de","family":"Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam)","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (AI&I) and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten F. Schim van der","family":"Loeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam)","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (AI&I) and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Daams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria de Roda","family":"Husman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)","place":["Bilthoven, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke C. 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