{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:54Z","timestamp":1787027334047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":321,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"The current U.S. regulatory framework governing non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation (RFR) used in all wireless technology is outdated and lacks adequate protection, oversight, and enforcement. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was given regulatory jurisdiction by the U.S. Congress in 1996 over RFR exposure standards setting even though FCC has no in-house expertise regarding health or environmental effects from RFR. FCC is a licensing\/engineering entity that relies on other government agencies for guidance on ambient exposures and devices. However, all relevant civilian public health and environmental agencies have been defunded from non-ionizing radiation research activities and oversight. Thus, current regulations have remained unchanged since 1996. Human exposure limits are designed to protect against short-term high-intensity effects, not today's long-term chronic low-intensity exposures. Scientific evidence indicates that children's thinner skulls, unique physiology, and more conductive tissues result in significantly higher RFR absorption rates deeper into critical brain regions, which are still in development and thus more sensitive to environmental insults. However, current policies offer no safeguards for children\/pregnancy or vulnerable populations. Growing research also indicates risks to wildlife, especially pollinators. In 2021, a U.S. federal court mandated that the FCC show proper review of growing scientific evidence, after a cursory FCC re-approval of limits in 2019, but FCC has yet to respond. This paper explores regulatory infrastructure deficiencies, including the absence of monitoring\/oversight, premarket safety testing, post-market surveillance, emissions compliance\/enforcement, occupational safety, and wildlife protection. Compliance tests for cell phones do not reflect real-world consumer use and can therefore camouflage exposures that exceed even FCC's outdated limits. Other countries enforce stricter limits, robust monitoring, transparency measures, and compliance programs with additional policies to protect children. Also discussed is the chronic revolving door between FCC leadership and the wireless industry, resulting in a state of regulatory capture. Policy recommendations for common-sense reforms are made for reinvigorating independent research, developing science-based safety limits, ensuring pre- and post-market surveillance, and improving oversight\/enforcement, as well as implementing risk mitigation to reduce exposures to children, vulnerable groups, and wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1677583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:23:51Z","timestamp":1766157831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["U.S. policy on wireless technologies and public health protection: regulatory gaps and proposed reforms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Theodora","family":"Scarato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30221-3","article-title":"Planetary electromagnetic pollution: it is time to assess its impact","volume":"2","author":"Bandara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2021-0026","article-title":"Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 1. 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