{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:12:36Z","timestamp":1772208756818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the efficacy and economic efficiency of augmented-reality (AR)\u2013enhanced health-media campaigns in urban settings of Jordan, the Saudi Arabia. Employing a quasi-experimental, comparative design, 600 adults aged 18\u201345 were randomly assigned to either an AR intervention\u2014featuring interactive 3D simulations of smoking risks and vaccination mechanisms\u2014or a conventional video\/text campaign. Pre- and post-intervention surveys measured cognitive\/emotional engagement, behavioral intention, and self-reported health actions, while detailed cost logs enabled incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) analyses. Results demonstrated that AR immersion significantly elevated presence [\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1,594)\u202f=\u202f152.07,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u202f&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f0.001] and time-on-task [\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1,594)\u202f=\u202f210.33,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u202f&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f0.001], which in turn produced larger and more durable increases in intention (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.14 for Arm \u00d7 Time interaction) and actual behavior change [smoking reduction\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    (598)\u202f=\u202f20.84,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u202f&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f0.001; vaccination uptake\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (1)\u202f=\u202f32.56,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u202f&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f0.001]. Economic evaluation revealed that AR campaigns achieved lower ICERs (USD 29.50 per unit behavior change) compared to conventional media, with sensitivity analyses confirming robustness. Multi-group moderation analyses confirmed stronger path coefficients and greater cost-efficiency in the Saudi Arabia sample, underscoring the moderating role of technological readiness and cultural factors. These findings affirm AR\u2019s promise as a cost-effective modality for immersive health promotion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1682659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T06:23:06Z","timestamp":1762150986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrating augmented reality into health media campaigns: toward a more behavioral impact economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Habes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amirah","family":"ALZahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhib Y.","family":"Bdoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal Hassan","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej Abdulllah","family":"Alfawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razaz Waheeb","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Healthy living and new media: a review","author":"Habes","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pres Teleoperators Virtual Environ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4800-6","article-title":"Systematic review on the effectiveness of augmented reality applications in medical training","volume":"30","author":"Barsom","year":"","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Moro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12357","article-title":"Clinical potential of augmented reality: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Barsom","year":"","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2008.2001575","article-title":"Advanced medical displays: a literature review of augmented reality","volume":"4","author":"Sielhorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J Display Technol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247-023-00054-9","article-title":"Virtual, augmented, mixed, and extended reality interventions in healthcare: a systematic review of health economic evaluations and cost-effectiveness","volume":"3","author":"Jameel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Digital Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.03.005","article-title":"The role and effectiveness of augmented reality in patient education: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Urlings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness","author":"Thaler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115248","article-title":"Vaccination nudges: a study of pre-booked COVID-19 vaccinations in Sweden","volume":"309","author":"Bonander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21643","DOI":"10.2196\/21643","article-title":"Augmented reality for smoking cessation: development and usability study","volume":"8","author":"Vinci","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of personal motivation on using social TV: a uses and gratifications approach","volume":"3","author":"Habes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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