{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:31:55Z","timestamp":1780320715129,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on data from the seventh China Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Surveillance (CCDRFS) conducted in Yunnan Province in 2023, this study aimed to provide province-wide estimates of the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to describe their distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This provincial-level representative cross-sectional study included 6,231 adults sampled from 10 county- or district-level surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. All participants were subject to questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. CKD-EPI equation was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 6,231 adults with measurements of eGFR and urine albumin were included in this study. The weighted prevalence of CKD was 13.1% (95% CI: 10.9\u201315.6%) overall, 12.7% (95% CI: 10.1\u201315.8%) among males, and 13.5% (95% CI: 10.2\u201317.6%) among females. Higher prevalence of CKD was observed in subgroups characterized by older age, lower education levels, being divorced\/widowed\/separated, and the presence of comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and hyperuricemia). Among participants with CKD, 61.5, 34.2, 3.2, 0.7, 0.2, and 0.1% were classified into stage G1, G2, G3a, G3b, G4, and G5, respectively. Overall CKD awareness and treatment rates were 3.0% (95% CI: 1.5\u20135.8%) and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.4\u20132.2%). Among individuals aware of their CKD status, 11.5% (95%CI: 6.5\u201319.9%) were receiving treatment. Participants with stage G4 or G5 demonstrated higher awareness and treatment. CKD patients with comorbid hypertension had higher awareness, while underweight CKD patients had higher treatment rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The estimated CKD prevalence among adults in Yunnan Province in 2023 exceeded the national average (8.2%). CKD awareness and treatment rates were critically low. Targeted early screening programs or community-based interventions should be prioritized as urgent public health initiatives to improve disease recognition and treatment adherence for CKD prevention and management in China\u2019s less developed regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T05:43:26Z","timestamp":1760507006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of chronic kidney disease among adults in Yunnan Province, China: findings from the 2023 chronic disease and risk factors surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haorong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007","article-title":"Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline","volume":"158","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe058035","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in the elderly--how to assess risk","volume":"352","author":"Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00570-3","article-title":"An update on the global disparities in kidney disease burden and care across world countries and regions","volume":"12","author":"Bello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379634","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379634","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"China chronic disease and risk factor surveillance report [M]","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.12173\/j.issn.1004-5511.202408076","article-title":"An analysis of disease burden and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in China from 1990 to 2021","volume":"34","author":"Lihong","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3760\/j.issn:1001-7097.2006.02.003","article-title":"Community-based screening for chronic kidney disease among population older than 40 years in Beijing","volume":"22","author":"Lu-xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60033-6","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"379","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3784\/j.issn.1003-9961.2010.03.023","article-title":"Adjustment and representativeness evaluation of national disease surveillance points system","volume":"25","author":"Mairgeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis Surveillance"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab255","article-title":"Data resource profile: China chronic disease and risk factor surveillance (CCDRFS)","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","article-title":"New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race","volume":"385","author":"Inker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-5410.2019.01.002","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn311282-20210304-00142","article-title":"Chinese diabetes society. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China","volume":"37","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults[M]","author":"Chen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.6817","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: results from the sixth China chronic disease and risk factor surveillance","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20123504","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and prediabetes and associated risk factors: a community-based screening in Zhuhai, Southern China","volume":"126","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn604","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in an adult population from southern China","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46857-7","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease in Chinese rural residents: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2009.01249.x","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in adults over 40 years: a population study from Central China","volume":"15","author":"Shan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50007","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: third National Health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"41","author":"Coresh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000070152.11927.4A","article-title":"Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults: the AusDiab kidney study","volume":"14","author":"Chadban","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005121273","article-title":"International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk","volume":"17","author":"Hallan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2001.00833.x","article-title":"Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity","volume":"249","author":"Hillege","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00071-1","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk in six regions of the world (ISN-KDDC): a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Ene-Iordache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.9","article-title":"HIV-associated nephropathies: epidemiology, pathology, mechanisms and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives","volume":"382","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.062","article-title":"CKD of unknown origin in Central America: the case for a Mesoamerican nephropathy","volume":"63","author":"Correa-Rotter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13355","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of chronic kidney disease as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1990 to 2017: estimates from global burden of disease 2017","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03707-w","article-title":"The trend of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease from 1990 to 2019 and its predictions over 25 years: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"56","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02597-3","article-title":"Burden of chronic kidney disease and its risk-attributable burden in 137 low-and middle-income countries, 1990-2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"23","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Report on China chronic disease risk factor surveillance in Yunnan Province (2013 and 2018)","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030384","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle factors for primary prevention of CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.181","article-title":"Sex and gender disparities in the epidemiology and outcomes of chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Carrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019030238","article-title":"CKD: A call for an age-adapted definition","volume":"30","author":"Delanaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20240423-00212","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in adults with hypertension in China","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: a review","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24244","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24244","article-title":"Blood pressure and chronic kidney disease progression: an updated review","volume":"14","author":"Habas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.008","article-title":"KDIGO 2022 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease","volume":"102","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.11.004","article-title":"Uric acid in the pathogenesis of metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular diseases: a review","volume":"8","author":"Sharaf El Din","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Health China action promotion committee","year":"","journal-title":"Healthy China Initiative"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957437","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.957437","article-title":"Impact of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) GFR estimating equations on CKD prevalence and classification among Asians","volume":"9","author":"Betzler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685691\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T05:43:32Z","timestamp":1760507012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685691\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1685691","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"article-number":"1685691"}}