{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:59:13Z","timestamp":1783958353246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-related cognitive decline typically begins during middle age and persists into old age. In parallel, mood (and, in particular, anxiety and depression) can be a significant predictor of neurodegenerative pathologies. To prevent these negative consequences, mindfulness trainings were used to improve mood and executive functioning in middle-aged and older adults. Less is known about cold water immersion, which apparently favors cognitive enhancement and mood restoration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current pilot study involved a sample of 46 adult participants (63% F; mean age: 60.67\u202fyears, SD: \u00b18.51), who completed a combined mindfulness and cold-water immersion program of 20\u202fweeks. Before and after the training period, participants completed questionnaires about depressive and anxiety symptoms and executive functioning perception. A linear mixed model was run to evaluate pre-post differences with the presence of potential confounders (i.e., country, occupation, physical activity practice).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed a positive effect of the combined training on depression (mean difference\u202f=\u202f\u22122.59,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22123.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003), with higher effectiveness for older adults compared to middle-aged participants (mean difference\u202f=\u202f\u22123.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.042). Moreover, a significant effect of the training was found concerning anxiety (F\n                      <jats:sub>1,50.08<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u202f=\u202f7.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.008), without differences between the two age groups (F\n                      <jats:sub>1,51.06<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.75). Finally, a non-significant effect of the combined training was found between pre- and post-treatment phase concerning executive functioning perception (F\n                      <jats:sub>1,52.64<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u202f=\u202f3.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.06).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cold water immersion combined with mindfulness sessions could be considered by future researchers as a possible training for healthy aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1693026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:20:53Z","timestamp":1762492853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mindfulness training combined with cold water immersion effects on mood and perception of executive functioning in middle-aged and older adults: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ambra","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vivirito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Kirkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Paschos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Tu\u0111an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kulh\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pelin","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Alesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241297403","article-title":"Six weeks to wellness: the role of breathing exercises based on motor development pattern in improving fitness and quality of life in overweight elderly women","volume":"27","author":"Mohammad Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00361-8","article-title":"Psychological profiles associated with mental, cognitive and brain health in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"3","author":"Bartr\u00e9s-Faz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2023.2217437","article-title":"A critical review of research on executive functions in sport and exercise","volume":"18","author":"Furley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80866-1","article-title":"The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2014.192","article-title":"Cognitive decline before the age of 50 can be detected with sensitive cognitive measures","volume":"27","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"225","article-title":"Executive functions","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","author":"Diamond","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on executive functions: going beyond simply moving to moving with thought","volume":"2","author":"Diamond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Sports Med Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-74","article-title":"Executive function predicts risk of falls in older adults without balance impairment","volume":"11","author":"Buracchio","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.12.1344","article-title":"Executive functions are associated with gait and balance in community-living elderly people","volume":"63","author":"Iersel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000350031","article-title":"The relationship between executive function and falls and gait abnormalities in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Kearney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P261","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.6.P261","article-title":"Age differences in emotion-regulation strategies in handling everyday problems","volume":"59","author":"Blanchard-Fields","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.35","article-title":"High occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders among older adults: the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"67","author":"Byers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.007","article-title":"Elucidating the association between depression, anxiety, and cognition in middle-aged adults: application of dimensional and categorical approaches","volume":"296","author":"Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.10.014","article-title":"Anxiety and risk of dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"119","author":"Santab\u00e1rbara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.020","article-title":"Risk of dementia in persons who have previously experienced clinically-significant depression, anxiety, or PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"274","author":"Kuring","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019399","article-title":"Support for midlife anxiety diagnosis as an independent risk factor for dementia: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Gimson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"143","article-title":"Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory","volume-title":"Cognitive and working memory training: Perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, and human development","author":"Diamond","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12568","article-title":"The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1793901","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness meditation interventions on depression in older adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Reangsing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.799118","article-title":"Emotional benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction in older adults: the moderating roles of age and depressive symptom severity","volume":"17","author":"Gallegos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"73","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)","volume":"8","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Construct Human Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01532-1","article-title":"Mindfulness as attention training: meta-analyses on the links between attention performance and mindfulness interventions, long-term meditation practice, and trait mindfulness","volume":"12","author":"Verhaeghen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1002\/lim2.53","article-title":"Improved mood following a single immersion in cold water","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01295-w","article-title":"The untapped potential of cold water therapy as part of a lifestyle intervention for promoting healthy aging","volume":"47","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.019","article-title":"Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions","volume":"57","author":"Arnsten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00127-4","article-title":"Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders","volume":"46","author":"Ressler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00731","article-title":"The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus","volume":"4","author":"Craigmyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"12","article-title":"Breathing exercises, cold-water immersion, and meditation: mind-body practices lead to reduced stress and enhanced well-being","volume":"36","author":"Faid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Mind Body Med"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"The experience of meditation and healing in practitioners of the Wim Hof method","author":"McKinney","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"P-364-differences in cognitive function between elderly and middle age people","volume":"27","author":"Golebiewska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04166-9","article-title":"New evidence of trends in cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults in China, 2011-2018: an age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1972.11713319","article-title":"Screening depressed patients in family practice: a rapid technic","volume":"52","author":"Beck","year":"1972","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198811)44:6<853::aid-jclp2270440604>3.0.co;2-7","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the short form Beck depression inventory with older adults","volume":"44","author":"Scogin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113223","article-title":"Development of the short version of the spielberger state\u2014trait anxiety inventory","volume":"291","author":"Zsido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.625353","article-title":"The Amsterdam executive function inventory (AEFI): psychometric properties and demographically corrected normative data for adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years","volume":"34","author":"Van der Elst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030324","article-title":"Mindfulness-based intervention effects on EEG and executive functions: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Galindo-Aldana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00256","article-title":"Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity","volume":"6","author":"Saggar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clin Psych Sci Prac","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(84)90199-8","article-title":"EEG and visual evoked potentials of conscious man during moderate hypothermia","volume":"58","author":"FitzGibbon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603700","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1603700","article-title":"Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of cold-water exposure on mental health","volume":"16","author":"Schepanski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086283","article-title":"Cold water immersion: kill or cure?","volume":"102","author":"Tipton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211059819","article-title":"What do we know about aging and emotion regulation?","volume":"17","author":"Isaacowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08517-5","article-title":"Interventions to reduce loneliness in community-living older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Shekelle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1693026\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:20:55Z","timestamp":1762492855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1693026\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1693026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1693026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"article-number":"1693026"}}