{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:23:31Z","timestamp":1782861811329,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood obesity remains a major public health concern, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines temporal and spatial patterns in childhood obesity and overweight in Arag\u00f3n, Spain, before (2018\u20132019) and after (2021) pandemic lockdowns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis using anthropometric data from children aged 0\u201314\u202fyears attending public health centres. Data were extracted from electronic medical records and classified according to national diagnostic standards. Sociodemographic indicators, including parental education and income, were derived from official datasets and geoprocessed to the Basic Health Zone (BHZ) level. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced socioeconomic dimensions, whilst Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) examined spatial associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obesity prevalence increased from 3.8% in 2019 to 5.5% in 2021, and overweight from 14.5 to 15.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Boys were consistently more affected than girls, though this gap narrowed post-pandemic. The largest increases were amongst children aged &amp;gt;6\u202fyears. Urban\u2013rural typology alone did not fully explain the patterns; instead, intermediate-population BHZs and rural areas near urban centres exhibited higher prevalence. GWR analyses revealed spatial variability in the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic indicators, particularly in Zaragoza province, with income and education levels significantly associated with prevalence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic reversed prior improvements in childhood obesity trends in Arag\u00f3n. Socioeconomic inequalities, especially related to parental education and income, strongly influence obesity distribution at the local level. Geographically targeted policies are needed to reduce disparities and prevent long-term health consequences in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1696722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:34:47Z","timestamp":1768545287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of lockdown on Aragonese children: a geographical analysis of childhood obesity pre- and post-lockdown"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"G\u00e1llego-Royo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine Resident, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Aragonese Health Service","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"H36_23D Feminization and Ethics of the Health Professions Group (FEPS), IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"GIS011 Primary Care Research Group, IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Bentu\u00e9-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS076 Spatial Planning Studies Group, University Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragon","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS076 Spatial Planning Studies Group, University Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragon","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gast\u00f3n-Faci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS011 Primary Care Research Group, IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Utebo Health Centre, Aragonese Health Service","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"B21_23R Aragonese Primary Care Research Group (GAIAP)","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Val-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H36_23D Feminization and Ethics of the Health Professions Group (FEPS), IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Family Medicine, Actur Sur Health Centre, Aragonese Health Service","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Marco-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H36_23D Feminization and Ethics of the Health Professions Group (FEPS), IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Royo Villanova University Hospital, Aragonese Health Service","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Magall\u00f3n-Botaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS011 Primary Care Research Group, IIS Arag\u00f3n","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"B21_23R Aragonese Primary Care Research Group (GAIAP)","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza","place":["Zaragoza, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Geneva, Switzerland: Informe de la Comisi\u00f3n para acabar con la obesidad infantil","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"WHO European regional obesity report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Copenhagen, Denmark: Childhood obesity surveillance initiative COSI - 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