{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:43:36Z","timestamp":1777326216754,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual impairment and related ocular conditions impose substantial direct, indirect, and intangible costs, encompassing healthcare expenses, productivity losses, and reduced quality of life. Despite the global relevance of visual impairment, no comprehensive cost analysis has yet been conducted in an older adult Maltese population aged 50\u201380\u202fyears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence estimates from the population-based Malta Eye Study were used to calculate indirect costs via the gross national income per capita method with disability weight assumptions. Direct medical costs for key ocular conditions, including refractive error, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, were estimated using prevalence, hospital, and private data performance indices and relevant cost data, enabling estimation of service coverage and unmet care needs. Intangible costs were derived from quality-of-life measures using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire\u201339 to calculate disability weights and years lived with disability (YLD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The productivity losses from blindness and moderate\u2013severe visual impairment among individuals aged 50\u201380 were estimated at \u20ac16.0 million per annum (95% CI \u20ac6.0\u2013\u20ac43.0 million). The estimated annual direct medical costs from the main ocular causes were estimated to sum up to \u20ac53.4 million (95% CI \u20ac44.6\u2013\u20ac67.0 million), with unmet needs amounting to \u20ac20.8 million (95% CI \u20ac15.5\u2013\u20ac28.5 million). Cataract (56.9%) and refractive error (24.5%) accounted for the highest shares of such costs. Vision-related quality of life correlated with the severity and laterality of visual impairment. Mild unilateral visual impairment carried the highest YLD rate 2264.4 YLDs per 100,000 while uncorrected refractive error carried the highest YLD rate among the visually impairing causes (2452.7 YLDs per 100,000).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual impairment imposes a considerable economic and quality-of-life burden on an older adult population in Malta, driven largely by cataracts, refractive error, and productivity losses. These results emphasize the need for preventive and treatment strategies and underscore the importance of future cost\u2013benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses to help guide eye health policy in Malta.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1764915921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimating the costs and quality of life impact of vision loss in the population aged 50-80 years in Malta: evidence from The Malta Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Agius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Mamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neville","family":"Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Carbonaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for 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