{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:39:41Z","timestamp":1793381981724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment among older adults Chinese stroke patients and to identify its demographic, clinical, and biochemical determinants, thereby providing evidence to support effective clinical prevention and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight databases (CNKI, VIP, WanFang, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched from inception to October 24, 2024. Studies were included if they enrolled Chinese older adults stroke patients (aged \u226560\u202fyears), analyzed risk factors for cognitive impairment using case\u2013control\/cohort designs, and adopted validated cognitive assessment tools such as the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE], Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]). Data extraction and quality assessment (using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale) were independently performed by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 17.0. A random-effects model was applied for high heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f\u2265\u202f50%), whereas a fixed-effects model was used otherwise. Publication bias was assessed using Egger\u2019s test and trim-and-fill method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 46 studies, comprising 8,236 older adults stroke patients (3,281 with cognitive impairment) were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment was 42.4% (95%CI: 36.6\u201348.3%), with significant heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f97.1%). Subgroup analyses showed higher prevalence in northern China (45.1%) compared with southern China (41.0%) and higher detection rates when using the MoCA (50.5%) than the MMSE (43.4%). The meta-analysis identified 13 robust risk factors, including female gender (OR\u202f=\u202f4.167), hypertension (OR\u202f=\u202f2.824), diabetes mellitus (OR\u202f=\u202f3.344), frontal\/temporal lobe infarction (OR\u202f=\u202f1.615\/1.739), multiple cerebral infarctions (OR\u202f=\u202f2.583), brain atrophy (OR\u202f=\u202f2.943), hyperhomocysteinemia (OR\u202f=\u202f3.043), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) (OR\u202f=\u202f4.331), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (OR\u202f=\u202f1.977) (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Publication bias was detected in age-related analyses, and sensitivity analysis confirmed result stability except for CRP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment affects 42.4% of older adults Chinese stroke patients and associated with modifiable risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes) and anatomical correlates (e.g., frontal\/temporal infarction). Future research should prioritize large-scale, prospective cohort studies to validate these findings and develop targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:40:10Z","timestamp":1765348810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of cognitive impairment in older adults with stroke in China: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4434.2021.05.001","article-title":"New characteristics and trends of China\u2019s population development from the seventh national census","volume":"44","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Forum"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135530","article-title":"Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential","volume":"130","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30078-X","article-title":"Global brain inflammation in stroke","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-5921.2022.02.011","article-title":"Summary of the China stroke prevention and control report 2020","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5765.2020.02.010","article-title":"Expert consensus on the prevention and treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment in China","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Stroke"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00060-0","article-title":"Strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 acute ischaemic stroke cohorts","volume":"20","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.01.007","article-title":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality evidence-based practice center methods provide guidance on prioritization and selection of harms in systematic reviews","volume":"98","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988706286230","article-title":"Frequency and clinical determinants of poststroke cognitive impairment in nondemented stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5110.2010.23.023","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of post-stroke cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke patients aged 60 and above","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Neurol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-8296.2011-06-12","article-title":"Changes and significance of serum homocysteine in older adults patients with vascular cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geriatric Med Health Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-6350.2014.17.0983","article-title":"Correlation between plasma homocysteine level and mild cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hainan Med J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2014.16.024","article-title":"Related influencing factors of mild vascular cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke in the older adults","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.3760\/CMA.J.ISSN.1007-1245.2014.23.019","article-title":"Analysis of related factors affecting cognitive dysfunction after lacunar cerebral infarction in the older adults","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Med. Health Guide"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-2257.2015.04.011","article-title":"Discussion on the influencing factors and prognosis of secondary cognitive dysfunction after acute cerebral infarction","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chengdu Medical College"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4659.2015.01.0115","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive impairment after lacunar cerebral infarction in the older adults","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1008-6315.2015.02.006","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction in the older adults","volume":"31","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-1752.2017.15.189","article-title":"Analysis of characteristics and influencing factors of cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction in older adults patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Frontier"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-0412.2017.12.030","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for vascular cognitive impairment in older adults patients with lacunar infarction","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jilin Yi Yao"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-8348.2017.10.033","article-title":"Study on influencing factors related to cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients after cerebral infarction","volume":"46","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chongqing Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.16462\/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2017.08.017","article-title":"Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke Chin J Dis Control"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14163\/j.cnki.11-5547\/r.2018.35.018","article-title":"Study on mild vascular cognitive dysfunction in patients with lacunar cerebral infarction","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Prac Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.13898\/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2018.03.012","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with lacunar cerebral infarction","volume":"43","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bengbu Med Coll."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-0126.2018.12.006","article-title":"Study on the correlation between frailty and post - stroke cognitive impairment in older adults patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Geriatr Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2019.14.008","article-title":"Factors affecting cognitive dysfunction and prevention strategies in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-3806.2019.06.07","article-title":"Study on the relationship between 25 (OH) D level and cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with cerebral infarction","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Clin New Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-2238.2019.2.003","article-title":"Study on the correlation between serum cystatin C level and vascular cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jiangxi Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9676.2019.04.006","article-title":"Analysis of related factors affecting vascular cognitive dysfunction in older adults stroke patients and nursing countermeasures","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nursing Prac Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-945X.2019.07.098","article-title":"Analysis of clinical influencing factors of cognitive decline in older adults patients with cerebral infarction","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Prescrip Drugs"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.12083\/SYSJ.2020.18.020","article-title":"Clinical analysis of serum cystatin C in predicting cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.11748\/bjmy.issn.1006-1703.2020.11.008","article-title":"VEGF and IMD levels in older adults patients with ischemic stroke and their relationship with post - stroke cognitive function","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunoassay Clin"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-4378.2019.09.015","article-title":"Research progress on perioperative frailty assessment tools for the older adults","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Anesthesiol Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.0253-9926.2020.04.020","article-title":"Influencing factors and prevention strategies of cognitive dysfunction in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shanxi Med J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.13479\/j.cnki.jip.2020.04.031","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive dysfunction and anxiety and depression in older adults patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-4393.2020.30.033","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors and preventive measures of cognitive dysfunction in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.16780\/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20181361","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Injury Functional Reconstr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-8257.2021.13.017","article-title":"Factors affecting the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with first - onset ischemic stroke","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Capital Food Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-0126.2021.02.003","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with first - onset mild acute cerebral infarction Chinese journal of geriatric cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Geriatr Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-3245.2021.06.014","article-title":"Study on the prediction model of cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese J Health Care Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.12037\/YXQY.2021.02-13","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with type 2 diabetes combined with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chin Med Front"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7619\/jcmp.20211950","article-title":"Effect of serum 25 - hydroxyvitamin D3 level on the first post - stroke cognitive function in patients with cerebral infarction","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pract Clin Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.30.035","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting cognitive impairment in patients with post - stroke","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med Innov"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2021.06.007","article-title":"Effect of collateral circulation establishment on cognitive function in older adults patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"41","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.13898\/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2021.07.007","article-title":"Correlation between urine AD7c - NTP and serum C - reactive protein and vascular mild cognitive impairment in older adults patients with lacunar cerebral infarction","volume":"46","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bengbu Med Coll"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-3697.2021.03.018","article-title":"Serum 25 - hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels and their correlation with cognitive dysfunction and recurrence in older adults patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"36","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J North Sichuan Med College"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2095-6959.2022.03.022","article-title":"Relationship between nutritional status and post - stroke cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-8640.2022.09.008","article-title":"Distribution of some common intestinal bacteria in older adults patients with acute cerebral infarction and their correlation with cognitive function","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.19845\/j.cnki.zfysjjbzz.2022.0218","article-title":"Changes in cognitive domain function and influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with mild acute cerebral infarction","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Neurol Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2022.20.050","article-title":"High - risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with lacunar cerebral infarction","volume":"42","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-7593.2022.01.005","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke in the older adults","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Geriatrics"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.16440\/J.CNKI.1674-8166.2022.07.19","article-title":"Characteristics and influencing factors of cognitive impairment in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-0126.2022.04.019","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension and lacunar cerebral infarction","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Geriatr Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"268","article-title":"Correlation between pre-stroke cognitive impairment and MRI markers in patients with minor acute ischemic stroke","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"21","article-title":"Correlation between serum occludin and zonula occludin 1 expression and cognitive dysfunction in older adults patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.670844","article-title":"Prevalence of poststroke cognitive impairment: South London stroke register 1995-2010","volume":"44","author":"Douiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.004","article-title":"Is the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) screening superior to the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the older adults?","volume":"31","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-7593.2022.01.005","article-title":"For the study of vascular disease and its contribution to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: an initiative of the joint Programme for neurodegenerative disease research","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00766-9","article-title":"The role of estrogen in brain and cognitive aging","volume":"16","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00430-6","article-title":"Hypertension-induced cognitive impairment: from pathophysiology to public health","volume":"17","author":"Ungvari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212366","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive impairment: a role for Glucotoxicity and dopaminergic dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Pignalosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160382","article-title":"Hypercholesterolaemia and vascular dementia","volume":"131","author":"Appleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.19845\/j.cnki.zfysjjbzz.2017.01.012","article-title":"Correlation between cognitive impairment and infarction site in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"34","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Neurol Dis."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000026219","article-title":"Spectrum of disease in vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"18","author":"Rockwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47","article-title":"National institute of neurological disorders and stroke-Canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards","volume":"37","author":"Hachinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.698","article-title":"A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the older adults with special reference to the early detection of dementia","volume":"149","author":"Roth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2011.02.017","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010772","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010772.pub2","article-title":"Informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the older adults (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within a secondary care setting","volume":"3","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706560\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:40:48Z","timestamp":1765348848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706560\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"article-number":"1706560"}}