{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:41:00Z","timestamp":1764225660092,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Italy, the emergency of COVID-19 led to the promotion of preventive measures like hygiene protocols, biocides use, and lockdowns. This study assesses whether the Italian COVID-19 prevention Decrees led to significant changes in exposure to specific chemicals, also examining the post-COVID-19 period (2021).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicentric observational study analyzed 2017\u20132021 exposure data to specific chemicals coming from six Italian Poison Centres (PCs). A multivariate analysis valued the association between the exposure to a specific product category and the predictive variables in different periods of 2020 and 2021, calculating crude and adjusted ORs and applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The issuing of Decrees against COVID-19 conducted to peaks in exposure to chemicals. Higher proportions of children aged 1\u20135 were found among patients exposed to\n                      <jats:italic>Laundry detergents (PC-DET-1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Handwashing products (\n                      <jats:italic>Soaps<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Gel\/Spray<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). For\n                      <jats:italic>Gel\/Spray,<\/jats:italic>\n                      significant increases in the risk of exposure in 2020 (OR-lockdown period\u202f=\u202f4.61; OR-post-lockdown period\u202f=\u202f4.43) and 2021 (OR-whole year\u202f=\u202f4.34) were observed. Adults (&amp;gt;19) account for higher percentages among patients exposed to\n                      <jats:italic>All-purpose products<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PC-CLN-2) and to\n                      <jats:italic>Surface Disinfectants<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PP-BIO-2). A significant increase was also found for PP-BIO-2 in lockdown period of 2020 (OR\u202f=\u202f1.64). The risk of exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>Biocides for human<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PP-BIO-1) was almost statistically significant in post-lockdown period of 2020 (OR\u202f=\u202f1.74).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the risk of exposure to chemicals during 2020 and 2021 vs. 2017\u20132019, considering the association between periods and exposures to specific chemicals as a crucial factor to correctly conduct these kinds of epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1717130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:30:04Z","timestamp":1764225004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of COVID-19 management on the risk of exposure to specific chemical products: a multicentric Italian study based on 2017\u20132021 poison centers consultancies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Felice","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanna Maria","family":"Fidente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonello","family":"Attias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria M.","family":"Petrolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo A.","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bacis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariapina","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Gambassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lepore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Coletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Baldassarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"EpiCentro. Epidemiology for public health. International outbreak of novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Statement on the second meeting of the international health regulations (2005) emergency committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Director-general\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u2013- 11 march 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in the context of COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Clean hands \u2013 hand sanitizer facts","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1","article-title":"Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID\u2013-19 - national poison data system, United States, January 1, 2020-march 31, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4102\/sajid.v37i1.391","article-title":"A retrospective review of calls to the poisons information helpline of the Western cape during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa","volume":"37","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2022","journal-title":"S Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2021.1874402","article-title":"Poisoning during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown: retrospective analysis of exposures reported to French poison control centres","volume":"59","author":"Le Roux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Circolare n. 0005443\u201322\/02\/2020-DGPRE-DGPRE-P. 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Disposizioni attuative del decreto-legge 25 marzo 2020, n. 19, recante misure urgenti per fronteggiare l\u2019emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19, e del decreto-legge 16 maggio 2020, n. 33, recante ulteriori misure urgenti per fronteggiare l'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19. (20A02717) (OJ n.126 del 17-05-2020)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"DECRETO DEL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSIGLIO DEI MINISTRI 24 ottobre 2020. Ulteriori disposizioni attuative del decreto-legge 25 marzo 2020, n. 19, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 25 maggio 2020, n. 35, recante \u00abMisure urgenti per fronteggiare l\u2019emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19\u00bb, e del decreto-legge 16 maggio 2020, n. 33, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 14 luglio 2020, n. 74, recante \u00abUlteriori misure urgenti per fronteggiare l\u2019emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19\u00bb. 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