{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:16:48Z","timestamp":1767871008562,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to evaluate the availability of Price-Negotiated Drugs under China\u2019s National Reimbursement Drug List in healthcare institutions and designated retail pharmacies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This cross-sectional study uses data from the National Health Insurance Service Platform (extracted in September 2025) to evaluate the availability of 383 National Negotiated Drugs in healthcare institutions and retail pharmacies nationwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)\/Health Action International (HAI) framework, availability was assessed based on the availability rate and allocation rate. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation test (\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.05) was applied to examine associations between drug availability and factors including the timing of formulary inclusion, per capita disposable income, regional gross domestic product (GDP), the number of relevant policy releases and Pharmacists, the accumulated balance of health insurance funds, and the average annual number of visits per person.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The overall availability of negotiated drugs was low, with mean availability rates of 2.08% in healthcare institutions and 0.13% in designated retail pharmacies. Although drugs were predominantly concentrated in tertiary hospitals, their average availability there remained modest at 9.84%. Substantial provincial disparities were observed in the allocation of tertiary hospitals, with the eastern regions showing relatively higher rates. Drugs added to the formulary earlier and those with higher clinical demand were more available. Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis indicated significant associations between drug availability and timing of formulary inclusion (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.53,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u20090.001), per capita disposable income (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.45,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u20090.012), regional GDP (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.49,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u20090.005), the number of relevant policy releases (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.57,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u20090.001), the number of Pharmacists (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.43,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.017), the accumulated balance of health insurance funds (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.61,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and the average annual number of visits per person (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.62,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n According to the WHO\/HAI standards, the overall availability of negotiated drugs in China remains relatively low, with notable institutional stratification and regional disparities. This finding suggests that policy efforts should focus on strengthening supply incentives and promoting rational drug use. Additionally, policymakers should consider the differences across regions and institutions when advancing drug availability to ensure equitable access to medicines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1718627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:36:18Z","timestamp":1767854178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of nationwide availability of negotiated drugs in China\u2019s National Reimbursement Drug List"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jizuoni","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006196","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006196","article-title":"The impacts of government reimbursement negotiation on targeted anticancer medication price, volume and spending in China","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.47","article-title":"Trends of negotiated targeted anticancer medicines use in China: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11016","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.11016","article-title":"Impact of the national drug price negotiation policy on the utilization, cost, and accessibility of anticancer medicines in China: a controlled interrupted time series study","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2024.100963","article-title":"Does price negotiation in China bring high-value novel drugs to the national medical insurance beneficiaries?","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084578","article-title":"Impacts of National Drug Price Negotiation on expenditure, volume, and availability of targeted anti-Cancer drugs in China: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e077089","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077089","article-title":"Access to innovative anticancer medicines in China: a national survey on availability, price and affordability","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002256","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002256","article-title":"Using strategic price negotiations to contain costs and expand access to medicines in China","volume":"5","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778940","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.778940","article-title":"The public health insurance coverage of novel targeted anticancer medicines in China\u2014in favor of whom? 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