{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:18:44Z","timestamp":1776784724405,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been a persistent global challenge, with gonorrhea, caused by the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , remaining an enduring threat. Despite its clinical and social importance, the historical evolution of gonorrhea-related knowledge and public perceptions in China have received limited scholarly attention. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing two interconnected threads: first, the formulation of medical knowledge, encompassing Traditional Chinese Medicine\u2019s (TCM) understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>linzheng<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u6dcb\u8bc1) and Western medicine\u2019s definition of gonorrhea; second, the evolution of public perceptions, shifting from endogenous pathology to exogenous risk. This study reveals how gonorrhea transitioned from being understood as a traditional illness to being recognized as a sexually transmitted disease, from being part of general medical education to becoming a focal point of sex-oriented education, and from being perceived as an individual ailment to being understood as a social issue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1724048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:30:56Z","timestamp":1768285856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gonorrhea in China: shaping medical knowledge and transforming public perceptions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases (4th edition)","author":"Holmes","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08938-x","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of different antibiotics against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"24","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"117","article-title":"The modern medical terminology\u2019s evolution embodied in the Chinese translation of syphilis","volume":"1","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shilin"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"A new history of diseases in China","author":"Fan","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Dictionary of the ben Cao gang mu (volume 1)","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Dictionary of common terminology in traditional Chinese medicine","author":"Li","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Concise Chinese-English-Japanese dictionary of Chinese medicine","author":"Shi","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common internal diseases in Chinese medicine: Symptoms in Chinese medicine","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Chinese medical encyclopedia","author":"Xie","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Huang Di nei jing su wen: An annotated translation of Huang Di\u2019s inner classic\u2014Basic questions (volume 1)","author":"Unschuld","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Zhubing Yuanhou Lun","author":"Chao","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of diseases and syndromes in traditional Chinese medicine","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"A dictionary of the Chinese language in three parts","author":"Morrison","year":"1822"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"An English and Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect","author":"Williams","year":"1844"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"English and Chinese dictionary","author":"Medhurst","year":""},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"A medical vocabulary in English and Chinese","author":"Hobson","year":"1858"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Vocabulary and hand-book of the Chinese language","author":"Doolittle","year":"1872"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"An English and Chinese dictionary","author":"Kwang","year":"1887"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Technical terms","author":"Mateer","year":"1904"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"An English and Chinese standard dictionary","author":"Yen","year":"1908"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"A pocket medical lexicon","author":"Ijichi","year":"1886"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"English-Chinese dictionary of the standard Chinese spoken language and handbook for translators","author":"Hemeling","year":"1916"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"An English-Chinese lexicon of medical terms","author":"Cousland","year":"1908"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"The new English-Japanese dictionary","author":"Kanda","year":"1902"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"A comparative table of Chinese and foreign disease names","author":"Wu","year":"1933"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"A Latin-English-German-Chinese medical terminology","author":"Leo","year":"1931"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"31","article-title":"A warning to those suffering from gonorrhea","volume":"60","author":"Ding","year":"1909","journal-title":"Shen Pao"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"94","article-title":"Popular lecture: the harm of gonorrhea transmission","volume":"3","author":"Fang","year":"1909","journal-title":"Yi Yao Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"3","article-title":"The history of gonorrhea","volume":"3","year":"1914","journal-title":"Med News"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"11","article-title":"Warning to Shanghai youth","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"1914","journal-title":"National Herald"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"13","article-title":"On gonorrhea in Chinese and western medicine","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"1914","journal-title":"Shenzhou Yiyao Xuebao"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"55","article-title":"A brief introduction to gonorrhea","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"1927","journal-title":"The Nisshin Chiryo"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"39","article-title":"Gonorrhea, formerly known as baizhuo","volume":"4","year":"1927","journal-title":"Kwang Chi Medical J"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"8","article-title":"Sex education and prohibition","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"1926","journal-title":"China Times"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"485","article-title":"The relationship between gonorrhea and public health","year":"1931","journal-title":"Zhongguo Weisheng Zazhi (1930\u20131931)"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"73","article-title":"The terrifying gonorrhea","volume":"2","author":"Suo","year":"1938","journal-title":"Zhong Sheng"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08733-8","article-title":"Trends in sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in China from 2005 to 2021: a joinpoint regression model","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"165","article-title":"Development of STD surveillance in China","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Emergence and control of infectious diseases in China","volume-title":"The Lancet","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1265","article-title":"Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic","volume":"289","author":"Parish","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00010-14","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future","volume":"27","author":"Unemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7312a2","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-resistant gonorrhea \u2014 China, 2022","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"The web that has no weaver: Understanding Chinese medicine","author":"Kaptchuk","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy566","article-title":"A ROADMAP plan to address research needs for gonococcal antimicrobial resistance in China","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1724048\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:31:11Z","timestamp":1768285871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1724048\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1724048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1724048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"article-number":"1724048"}}