{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:34:40Z","timestamp":1784216080614,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rabies remains a public health issue in Shanghai, with human cases reported since 2006, necessitating sustained multi-faceted control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strategies<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key measures include mandatory canine vaccination, increased access to vaccination services (19\u2013431 by 2025), management of free-roaming animals, and public education campaigns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Challenges and perspective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Challenges persist\u2014particularly the low vaccination coverage among free-roaming animals. Future priorities involve developing oral rabies vaccines for free-roaming animals, enhancing wildlife rabies surveillance, expanding insurance coverage for postexposure prophylaxis, and strengthening cross-sector collaboration through the One Health framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shanghai\u2019s integrated strategies have reduced human rabies. Achieving the 2030 zero-death goal requires closing gaps in free-roaming animal vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1729143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:38:30Z","timestamp":1767595110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Animal rabies prevention and control in Shanghai, China: policies and practices, 2011\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tingyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuchao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.19428\/j.cnki.sjpm.2024.23325","article-title":"Epidemiology and exposure management of rabies in Shanxi Province, 2011-2022","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shanghai J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-2694.2021.00.090","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of the canine rabies background in Shanghai from 2011 to 2020","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ren Shou Gong Zuo Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-023-00078-8","article-title":"Rabies in a postpandemic world: resilient reservoirs, redoubtable riposte, recurrent roadblocks, and resolute recidivism","volume":"3","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.02.0081","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021","volume":"261","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01130-y","article-title":"Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village","volume":"12","author":"Tolentino J\u00fanior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5942693","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5942693","article-title":"Rabies elimination: is it feasible without considering wildlife?","volume":"2022","author":"Acharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"311","article-title":"Rabies in Costa Rica\u2013next steps towards controlling bat-borne rabies after its elimination in dogs","volume":"94","author":"Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100212","article-title":"Neglected challenges in the control of animal rabies in China","volume":"12","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200303","article-title":"Animal rabies surveillance, China, 2004\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100615","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of rabies transmission and elimination in mainland China","volume":"17","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02487-4","article-title":"A call to accelerate an end to human rabies deaths","volume":"400","author":"Thumbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041736","article-title":"Challenges to the fight against rabies\u2014the landscape of policy and prevention strategies in Africa","volume":"18","author":"Haselbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-944X.2020.01.004","article-title":"Investigation and analysis on rabies in Shanghai city","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Animal Health Inspect"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.203","article-title":"Epidemic characteristics of human rabies\u2014China, 2016\u20132020","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.15212\/ZOONOSES-2023-0012","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of human rabies in China from 2015-2021","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09864-2","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases reported by sites in China from 2006 to 2022","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.04.002","article-title":"Mapping rabies distribution in China: a geospatial analysis of national surveillance data","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01082-3","article-title":"Progress towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in PR China: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref19","year":""},{"key":"ref20","year":""},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15212\/ZOONOSES-2023-0038","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in urban and suburban districts in Shanghai, 2006\u20132021","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR202116039","article-title":"Human rabies: prospects for elimination","volume":"16","author":"Changalucha","year":"2021","journal-title":"CABI Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21084-7_6","article-title":"Rabies prevention in Asia: institutionalizing implementation capacities","volume-title":"Rabies and Rabies Vaccines","author":"Miranda","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.09.0420","article-title":"Rabies: who should care?","volume":"261","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111342","article-title":"Fifty years of the national rabies control program in Brazil under the one health perspective","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613712","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.613712","article-title":"Tackling the threat of rabies reintroduction in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Vega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0051","article-title":"The new face of human rabies in Mexico, what's next after eradicating rabies in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Ar\u00e9chiga Ceballos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonot Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14060097","article-title":"Ecological and socioeconomic factors in the occurrence of rabies: a forgotten scenario","volume":"14","author":"Subedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-021-00023-7","article-title":"Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies","volume":"1","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.200","article-title":"Integrated rabies surveillance\u2014Hunan Province, China, 2020","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3784\/jbjc.202302270069","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological characteristics of canine virus in Shanghai, 2010-2022","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Surveillance"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab123","article-title":"Rabies and the pandemic: lessons for one health","volume":"116","author":"Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-944X.2021.04.013","article-title":"Analysis on the management of premises for recognition and vaccnation against rabies in dogs in Shanghai city","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Animal Health Inspect"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14170\/j.cnki.cn31-1278\/s.2019.02.019","article-title":"Current situation of rabies prevention and management in Shanghai","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shanghai J Anim Husband Vet Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.15979\/j.cnki.cn62-1064\/s.2021.04.023","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of major canine diseases in Songjiang District, Shanghai","volume":"51","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gansu Anim Husband Veterin Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.13300\/j.cnki.cn42-1648\/s.2018.11.064","article-title":"Practice and effect of rabies immunization demonstration village construction in Jiading District, Shanghai","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Breed Feed"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-6184.2024.03.002","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of rabies, toxoplasmosis, and influenza a in community stray cats in Qingpu, Shanghai from 2022 to 2023","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microb Infect"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.12677\/ISL.2023.72006","article-title":"Based on the cognition and attitude of big City residents towards pet adoption under the background of contemporary society","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdisc Sci Letters"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-944X.2019.12.008","article-title":"Analysis on the pilot program of TNR for stray cats in an urban community in Shanghai city","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Anim Health Inspect"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14170\/j.cnki.cn31-1278\/s.2022.04.009","article-title":"Exploration of TNR rescue for stray cats in a residential community in Minhang District","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shanghai J Anim Husband Vet Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007248","article-title":"An epidemiological study of suspected rabies exposures and adherence to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in eastern Thailand, 2015","volume":"14","author":"Yurachai","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30371-y","article-title":"Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated one health approach","volume":"13","author":"Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000158","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.38.2000158","article-title":"Prevention of human rabies: a challenge for the European Union and the European economic area","volume":"25","author":"Gossner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201266","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.201266","article-title":"Role of oral rabies vaccines in the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies deaths","volume":"26","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","year":""},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800622975.0014","article-title":"The humane management of dog populations and the contribution to rabies elimination","volume-title":"One Health for Dog-mediated Rabies Elimination in Asia","author":"Hiby","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.100109","article-title":"Emergence of rabies among vaccinated humans in India: a public health concern","volume":"9","author":"Goel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.04.0203","article-title":"Veterinarians' perceptions of Covid-19 pandemic\u2013related influences on veterinary telehealth and on pet owners' attitudes toward cats and dogs","volume":"259","author":"Dubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091002","article-title":"Defining new pathways to manage the ongoing emergence of bat rabies in Latin America","volume":"12","author":"Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.202","article-title":"Epidemiology of animal rabies\u2014China, 2010\u20132020","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.04.010","article-title":"Rabies in Europe: An epidemiological and clinical update","volume":"88","author":"Riccardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21869","article-title":"Rabies management implications based on raccoon population density indexes","volume":"84","author":"Slate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13005","article-title":"Re-emergence of rabies in Mazowieckie voivodeship, Poland, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Smreczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taac046","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac046","article-title":"A country classification system to inform rabies prevention guidelines and regulations","volume":"29","author":"Henry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"649","article-title":"A study on the potential risk of rabies from the perspective of economic burden: an analysis based on data from Guangzhou, China","author":"Hua","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1729143\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:38:38Z","timestamp":1767595118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1729143\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1729143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1729143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"article-number":"1729143"}}