{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:41:51Z","timestamp":1780522911042,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection is essential for TB control, particularly in high-risk populations. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used for TB infection screening. This study assesses the diagnostic agreement between the STANDARD\u2122 F TB-Feron fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) and the WHO-approved STANDARD E TB-Feron ELISA in penitentiary settings in Paraguay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted among 737 participants (642 incarcerated individuals and 95 staff members). Both assays were performed on the same blood samples from each participant. Agreement was assessed using the Kappa coefficient, with stratified analyses across predefined risk groups: G1, no known TB exposure (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 71); G2, TB exposure (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 525); G3, active TB (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 67); and G4, previously treated and cured TB (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 74).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall positivity was 57.7% with FIA and 56.9% with ELISA. Positivity rates for FIA\/ELISA were: G1 (22.9%\/22.9%), G2 (57.7%\/58.4%), G3 (79.1%\/79.1%), and G4 (71.6%\/71.6%). Overall agreement was excellent (\u03ba = 0.851; 95% CI: 0.812\u20130.889;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001). Stratified analyses showed moderate agreement in G1 (\u03ba = 0.595) and excellent agreement in the remaining groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The STANDARD F TB-Feron FIA demonstrated excellent concordance with ELISA, supporting its use as a reliable alternative for TB infection screening. In addition, the FIA offers key operational advantages, including reduced hands-on time (approximately 15 min compared with several hours for ELISA), the ability to process single samples without batch runs, and the use of portable equipment requiring less laboratory infrastructure, making it particularly suitable for decentralized and resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1697667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:15:43Z","timestamp":1770297343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of diagnostic agreement between STANDARD E TB-Feron ELISA and TB-Feron FIA for tuberculosis infection in prison settings in Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sarita","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica y Bienestar Social","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguaz\u00fa","place":["Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguaz\u00fa","place":["Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anal\u00eda","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguaz\u00fa","place":["Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"C\u00e9spedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica y Bienestar Social","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Lezcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica y Bienestar Social","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica y Bienestar Social","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diaz Gill Laboratorio","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Monteverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diaz Gill Laboratorio","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica y Bienestar Social","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Estigarribia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Universidad Nacional de Caaguaz\u00fa","place":["Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Sequera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Central del Paraguay","place":["Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay"]},{"name":"Catedra de Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n","place":["Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Geneva\n          WHO\n          Global TB Report 2024\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling","volume":"13","author":"Rmgj","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.041","article-title":"Drivers of tuberculosis epidemics: the role of risk factors and social determinants","volume":"68","author":"L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6901a1","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations from the national tuberculosis controllers association and CDC","volume":"69","author":"Sterling","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.22.0052","article-title":"Screening for TB infection: the operator's impact","volume":"26","author":"Faria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02742-2","article-title":"Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"356","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S475424","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of diagnostic performance: standard E TB Feron ELISA vs QuantiFERON-TB gold plus for latent tuberculosis infection detection in diverse risk groups in Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"Uddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist."},{"key":"B8","year":"2025","journal-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: Diagnosis. World Health Organization"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.03.008","article-title":"Point of care testing for infectious diseases","volume":"493","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2024.241003","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a novel fluorescent immunoassay-based test in latent tuberculosis infection","author":"Ceylan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2025.100518","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy study of STANDARD TB-Feron FIA and STANDARD TB-Feron ELISA tests for tuberculosis infection diagnosis in Eastern European setting","volume":"1","author":"Crudu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148624","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01486-24","article-title":"Standard E TB-Feron ELISA and Standard F TB-Feron FIA positivity rates and agreement with QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus among TB high-risk population in Bandung, Indonesia","volume":"63","author":"Turbawaty","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12090202","article-title":"Tuberculosis diagnosis: current, ongoing, and future approaches","volume":"12","author":"Bartolomeu-Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diseases."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2025.101140","article-title":"The concentration of tuberculosis within Paraguay's indigenous population, 2018\u20132022: a retrospective population-based study","volume":"47","author":"Medina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77504-1","article-title":"Increased incarceration rates drive growing tuberculosis burden in prisons and jeopardize overall tuberculosis control in Paraguay","volume":"10","author":"Sequera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Biosensor\n              Standard F\n            \n          \n          TB-Feron FIA (IFN-gamma)\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Diaz-Gill\n              Lab\n            \n          \n          Private Sector Laboratory"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061162","article-title":"Comparison of two tuberculosis infection tests in a South American Tertiary Hospital: STANDARD F TB-Feron FIA vs. QIAreachTM QuantiFERON-TB","volume":"13","author":"Saint-Pierre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164124","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01641-24","article-title":"Preliminary performance of the VIDAS TB-IGRA as an aid in the diagnosis of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"Serge Diagbouga","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.1.33","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a new automated chemiluminescent immunoanalyzer-based interferon-gamma releasing assay AdvanSure I3 in comparison With the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In\u2013Tube Assay Ann Lab Med","volume":"2025","author":"Kim","year":"2020"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2301-4","article-title":"Comparing interferon-gamma release assays with tuberculin skin test for identifying latent tuberculosis infection that progresses to active tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2025","author":"Auguste","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716857","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716857","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis immune response in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"12","author":"Petruccioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2023.03.003","article-title":"Advances in TB testing","volume":"115","author":"Pagaduan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31820b07ab","article-title":"Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Cattamanchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107955","article-title":"VIDAS\u00ae TB-IGRA assay for diagnosing tuberculosis infection in people living with HIV: a preliminary study","volume":"158","author":"Esmail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132324","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01323-24","article-title":"Low concordance between QIAreach QuantiFERON-TB, a novel interferon-gamma release assay, and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, in a population-based survey in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"63","author":"Rickman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1439OC","article-title":"Effect of HIV-1 infection on T-Cell-based and skin test detection of tuberculosis infection","volume":"175","author":"Rangaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12567","article-title":"Diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV co-infected individuals: current status, challenges and opportunities for the future","volume":"86","author":"Mendez-Samperio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02006","article-title":"Diagnosis for latent tuberculosis infection: new alternatives","volume":"11","author":"Carranza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ovad116","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovad116","article-title":"Comparison of the standard E TB-Feron ELISA and QuantiFERON-TB Gold PLUS assays: the advantageous use of whole recombinant protein antigens for latent tuberculosis diagnosis","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1697667\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:15:44Z","timestamp":1770297344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1697667\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1697667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1697667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"article-number":"1697667"}}