{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1771848974456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) is an environmental infrastructure in public areas to facilitate structured physical activity. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of OFE intervention on health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched five online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) from inception to Nov 3, 2025. Randomized and non-randomized controlled studies that employed OFE interventions were included. We assessed methodological quality using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Primary outcomes included physical activity, physical fitness, psychological well-being, and other health-related results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen studies underwent systematic review, of which eleventh provided sufficient data for meta-analyses, and 11 were rated as high quality. The OFE intervention notably increased physical activity. Significantly improvements were observed in physical fitness, including cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.53), lower limb muscle strength (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.35), upper limb muscle strength (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.25), and balance (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.83). Improvements were also evident in psychological health, including mental well-being (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.48), loneliness (SMD\u202f=\u202f0.33), depression, stress symptoms, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, there were significant advancements in health-related issues such as quality of life (SMD = 1.06), fall risk (SMD\u202f=\u202f1.01), hypertension, hypoglycemia, and blood lipid levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of OFE intervention on health outcomes. The evidence indicates that OFE intervention effectively improves physical activity, physical fitness, psychological health, and health-related issues. High-quality RCTs are required to determine effective OFE intervention protocols and facilitate translation into practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42023449759<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , CRD42023449759.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1701136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1771847336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of outdoor fitness equipment intervention on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhi-Yuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Education, Nanjing Audit University Jinshen College","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Qin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Su","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Nanjing Sport Institute","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Bin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Humanities, Nanjing Sport Institute","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30383-X","article-title":"The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases","volume":"388","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life 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