{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:21:22Z","timestamp":1788448882418,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using long-term data from hospital-based sentinel (active) surveillance of foodborne diseases in Liaoning Province from 2014 to 2024, we examined temporal trends, seasonality, the serovar spectrum, and city-level spatiotemporal distribution of salmonellosis to inform optimization of surveillance and targeted prevention and control. This study provides one of the longest provincial-level sentinel-based spatiotemporal analyses of salmonellosis in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laboratory-confirmed infections with\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      reported by sentinel hospitals in Liaoning Province were extracted from the National Foodborne Disease Surveillance System. The Mann\u2013Kendall test was used to evaluate monotonic trends in annual positivity rates. Monthly seasonal indices were calculated to describe seasonality. At the city level, a first-order queen contiguity spatial weight matrix was constructed to perform global and local Moran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      analyses, with LISA results adjusted using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure. Spatiotemporal clusters were identified using SaTScan with a discrete Poisson model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2014 to 2024, 38,810 cases were tested and 346 were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , yielding an overall positivity rate of 0.89%. The positivity rate showed a significant, gradual upward trend (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). A unimodal seasonal pattern was observed, with high-risk months from June to August and a peak in July. Young children (particularly one-year-olds and children cared for at home) accounted for the largest proportion of detected cases. The predominant serovars were\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Enteritidis and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium. Global spatial autocorrelation was not significant; however, local analyses indicated that Chaoyang City remained a stable hotspot after FDR correction. SaTScan identified a Class I (most likely) spatiotemporal cluster centered on Chaoyang City for each predominant serovar (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sentinel surveillance in Liaoning Province suggests a year-by-year increase in the detection level of Salmonella, with summer\u2013early autumn and young children representing key risk windows. Chaoyang City consistently showed a relatively high burden in both local spatial and spatiotemporal analyses. These findings provide evidence for targeted surveillance optimization and risk-based intervention strategies in high-risk seasons, populations, and geographic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1708582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T06:36:21Z","timestamp":1771828581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology, serovar distribution and spatiotemporal patterns of Salmonella foodborne infections in Liaoning Province, China, 2014\u20132024: an analysis of sentinel surveillance data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinling","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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2008\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Gen Pract"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923","article-title":"World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010","volume":"12","author":"Havelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"852","article-title":"Etiological characteristics of foodborne disease based on active surveillance in Shanxi province, 2014\u20132016","volume":"35","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"33","article-title":"Analysis of Salmonella in foodborne disease active surveillance in Jiangsu province, 2014\u20132020","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of foodborne Salmonella in Hunan Province, 2014\u20132019","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract Prev Med"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Salmonellosis-Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12741","article-title":"Detection of spatial, temporal and space-time Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium clusters in Ontario in 2015, and comparisons to known outbreaks","volume":"67","author":"Paphitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825074","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public 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