{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:53:17Z","timestamp":1793105597179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review risk prediction models for surgical site infection (SSI) after abdominal surgery and to provide a reference for clinical risk management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Sinomed, Chinese Medical Journal Full-text Database, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data for studies published from January 1, 1980, to August 12, 2024. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias and applicability of the models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 studies were included, involving 28 SSI risk prediction models after abdominal surgery. Among them, 25 models showed good predictive performance (AUC\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.7), but all studies exhibited a high risk of bias. The most frequently included predictors were surgical duration, diabetes, BMI (body mass index), serum albumin levels, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status score, age, intraoperative blood loss, wound classification, and open surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk prediction models for SSI after abdominal surgery are still in the developmental stage. Future studies should emphasize model construction and validation to improve their clinical utility and generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024576543<\/jats:uri>\n                      , Identifier: CRD42024576543.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1721423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:43:16Z","timestamp":1773124996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systematic review of risk prediction models for surgical site infection after abdominal surgery in adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juecen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hospital infection control practices advisory committee","volume":"27","author":"Mangram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.004818","article-title":"Surgical site infection following abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Alkaaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000182","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsit-2023-000182","article-title":"Assessment of risk factors associated with surgical site infection following abdominal surgery: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Marzoug","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Surg Interv Health Technol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62589","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62589","article-title":"Surgical site infections in gastrointestinal surgeries: estimation of prevalence, risk factors and bacteriological profile","volume":"16","author":"K","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01370-7","article-title":"Surgical site infection in severe trauma patients in intensive care: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Savio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.13350\/j.cjpb.231020","article-title":"Distribution of pathogenic bacteria and analysis of infection risk factors in surgical site infections of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pathog Biol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2024-241185","article-title":"Interpretation of the implementation plan of special action \"strengthen perioperative infection prevention and control and ensure surgical quality and safety\"","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e073538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073538","article-title":"Transparent reporting of multivariable prediction models for individual prognosis or diagnosis: checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (TRIPOD-SRMA)","volume":"381","author":"Snell","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"202","article-title":"Interpretation of checklist for transparent reporting of multivariable prediction models for individual prognosis or diagnosis tailored for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (TRIPOD-SRMA)","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001744","article-title":"Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist","volume":"11","author":"Moons","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-1377","article-title":"Probast: a tool to assess risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"170","author":"Moons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v15.i3.387","article-title":"Risk factors and prediction model for inpatient surgical site infection after elective abdominal surgery","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2023-230400","article-title":"Etiological characteristics of postoperative incision infections in patients undergoing radical resection of colorectal cancer and establishment of predictive decision tree model","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2023-230109","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative incision infection in colorectal cancer patients and establishment of prediction model","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.13350\/j.cjpb.230318","article-title":"Pathogen distribution, influencing factors and nomogram prediction model of postoperative incision infection in patients with colon cancer and intestinal obstruction","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pathog Biol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2023-230357","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative incision infection in colorectal cancer and logistic regression model","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.12138\/j.issn.1671-9638.20234162","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors and construction of prediction models for organ\/space surgical site infection in gastric and colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37489","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000037489","article-title":"A predictive model for intraabdominal infection after radical gastrectomy in elderly patients","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4594-y","article-title":"A scoring system to predict the risk of organ\/space surgical site infections after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer based on a large-scale retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7198","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000007198","article-title":"A nomogram prediction of postoperative surgical site infections in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2016-161978","article-title":"Risk prediction model for abdominal surgical site infections","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-2907.2018.14.007","article-title":"Nomogram model of predicting postoperative surgical wound infection in patients with abdominal surgery","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Mod Nurs"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i16.2176","article-title":"Predicting surgical site infections using a novel nomogram in patients with hepatocelluar carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705335","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.705335","article-title":"Risk stratification for organ\/space surgical site infection in advanced digestive system cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.16718\/j.1009-7708.2021.06.006","article-title":"Establishment of a nomogram model for predicting the risk of postoperative wound infection in patients with gastrointestinal perforation","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2021-202420","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection in colorectal cancer patients and establishment of prediction model","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202212_31(4).0006","article-title":"A novel nomogram based on nutritional and immune status predicting postoperative intra-abdominal infection in colorectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn321761-20210723-00478","article-title":"A nomogram based on preoperative hemoglobin levels for the prediction of postoperative surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Bu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Anesthesiol Resusc"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.11816\/cn.ni.2022-212380","article-title":"Risk factors for incision infection after intestinal obstruction surgery and construction of prediction model","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-1756.2022.10.017","article-title":"Construction of a prediction model for postoperative surgical site infection of gastric cancer","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Manag"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.12102\/j.issn.1009-6493.2022.14.010","article-title":"Construction and validation of risk prediction model for surgical site infection in organ\/lacuna of postoperative patients with cancer of gastrointestinal, liver, pancreatic, bile duct","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.12.011","article-title":"Surgical site infection in patients submitted to digestive surgery: risk prediction and the NNIS risk index","volume":"34","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8656","article-title":"Scoring system to predict the risk of surgical-site infection after colorectal resection","volume":"99","author":"Gervaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318279a93e","article-title":"A method for estimating the risk of surgical site infection in patients with abdominal colorectal procedures","volume":"56","author":"Hedrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06932-6","article-title":"Predicting surgical site infections following laparoscopic bariatric surgery: development of the BariWound tool using the MBSAQIP database","volume":"34","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.04.009","article-title":"Early prediction model of organ\/space surgical site infection after elective gastrointestinal or hepatopancreatobiliary cancer surgery","volume":"26","author":"Okui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.05.041","article-title":"New scoring system for predicting the risk of surgical site infections following stoma reversal","volume":"267","author":"Kamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70730","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70730","article-title":"Prevalence of surgical site infection and associated factors among post-operative patients","volume":"22","author":"Bahru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.16016\/j.2097-0927.202505021","article-title":"Predictive value of TyG-BMI, AIP, and postprandial glucose excursion for sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Army Med Univ"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.7507\/1007-4848.202407020","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative respiratory failure in patients with esophageal cancer and the prediction model establishment","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3870\/j.issn.1001-4152.2024.24.052","article-title":"Interpretation of and insights from the guidelines for external validation of clinical risk prediction models","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.23.00056","article-title":"Surgical duration is independently associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection and may not be mitigated by prolonged antibiotics: a secondary analysis of the PARITY trial of infection after lower-extremity Endoprosthetic reconstruction for Bone tumors","volume":"105","author":"Zeitlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55138","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55138","article-title":"The effect of American Society of Anesthesiologists score and operative time on surgical site infection rates in major abdominal surgeries","volume":"16","author":"Bhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2024.109486","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and prediction model of surgical site infection after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.249","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1002\/wjs.12649","article-title":"Does BMI impact outcomes in patients undergoing open abdominal wall reconstruction? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Farhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2024.109468","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infections following hepatobiliary surgery: an umbrella review and meta-analyses","volume":"51","author":"Bone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01154-x","article-title":"The risk factors and care measures of surgical site infection after cesarean section in China: a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07682-9","article-title":"Association between immediate postoperative hypoalbuminemia and surgical site infection after posterior lumbar fusion surgery","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-020-03706-8","article-title":"Update on risk factors of surgical site infection in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04058-z","article-title":"Risk factors and nomogram predictive model of surgical site infection in closed pilon fractures","volume":"18","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.11778\/j.jdxb.20230206","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for spinal surgical site infections and establishment and validation of a column-line diagram","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.010","article-title":"Operative wound classification: an inaccurate measure of pediatric surgical morbidity","volume":"51","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-024-03234-x","article-title":"The association between surgical site infection and postoperative colorectal cancer recurrence and the effect of laparoscopic surgery on prognosis","volume":"409","author":"Koike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langenbeck's Arch Surg"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.12138\/j.issn.1671-9638.20211423","article-title":"Role of ASA score and operation time in risk assessment of surgical site infection in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.19538\/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.10.14","article-title":"Multicenter cross-sectional study of surgical site infection after emergency surgery in China","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Surg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.024","article-title":"Prediction of surgical site infection after colorectal surgery","volume":"44","author":"Pedroso-Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-022-02691-6","article-title":"No impact of sex on surgical site infections in abdominal surgery: a multi-center study","volume":"407","author":"Zwicky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langenbeck's Arch Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1721423\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1773125021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1721423\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1721423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1721423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"article-number":"1721423"}}