{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:04:53Z","timestamp":1787166293525,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health challenge, marked by elevated incidence rates and significant morbidity, frequently resulting in long-term disabilities and imposing substantial economic burdens on healthcare systems. This study seeks to examine the incidence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), characterize prevalent pathogens, evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and identify risk factors associated with HAIs in TBI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of 2,314 hospitalized TBI patients. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, clinical history, treatment modalities, and infection outcomes were systematically collected. The incidence proportion of HAIs in TBI patients was analyzed, key pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for HAIs of TBI patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 2,314 hospitalized TBI patients, the incidence of HAIs was 19.40%. The most frequent infection sites were the lower respiratory tract (14.87%) and urinary tract (6.66%), whereas gentral nervous system infections were infrequent (0.39%). A total of 555 distinct pathogens were first-isolated, with Gram-negative bacteria representing the majority (66.85%), particularly\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (14.59%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (11.17%). Significant antimicrobial resistance was observed, including 100% resistance of\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      to ampicillin and 95.83% resistance of\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      to ceftazidime. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed several independent risk factors for HAIs in TBI patients, including age \u226560\u202fyears, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score \u22648, hospitalization duration exceeding 2\u202fweeks, and the presence of urinary catheters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the necessity of risk factor identification for HAIs to facilitate risk stratification and the implementation of targeted preventive measures in the clinical management of TBI patients. Furthermore, sustained microbial surveillance is imperative to guide antibiotic stewardship and enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1723961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:24:48Z","timestamp":1768458288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathogen profiles and risk factors of hospital-acquired infections in traumatic brain injury patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Huizhou First Hospital","place":["Huizhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Huizhou First Hospital","place":["Huizhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Health College, Guangzhou Huashang University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Huizhou First Hospital","place":["Huizhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiling","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Management, Huizhou First Hospital","place":["Huizhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2024.02.004","article-title":"Management of medical complications during the rehabilitation of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Allred","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2024.02.008","article-title":"Military traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Mortimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-023-01546-9","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury","volume":"94","author":"Pinggera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries","volume":"2","author":"Blennow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64150-2.00032-0","article-title":"Pediatric traumatic brain injury and abusive head trauma","volume":"173","author":"Chevignard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1212\/con.0000000000001036","article-title":"Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0453","article-title":"Experimental models of hospital-acquired infections after traumatic brain injury: challenges and opportunities","volume":"41","author":"Gandasasmita","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2024.154922","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Prieto-Alvarado","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077371","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1077371","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of lower respiratory tract infections after traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study","volume":"10","author":"Caceres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"7","article-title":"The nosocomial infection diagnosis criterion","volume":"81","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Med J China"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 27th-34th ed. 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