{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:04:23Z","timestamp":1791227063239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cultivating public protective behaviors is essential for the successful prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases epidemics, such as COVID-19. Government information release plays an important role in promoting proactive public protective behaviors. The existing literature lacks comprehensive understanding of the impact of government information release on public protective behaviors under different conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research proposes a number of research hypotheses for the effect of government information release on public protective behaviors mediated by risk perception and institutional trust. The Mediator, also known as the mediating variable, is a significant statistical concept employed to analyze the mechanism of influence between the independent and dependent variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The empirical research during the normalization phase of COVID-19 epidemics prevention and control in China indicates that government information release significantly influences public protective behaviors by the mediating roles of risk perception and institutional trust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research provides insights for designing strategies for cultivating public protective behaviors from the perspective from the information release and fostering institutional trust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1731670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:56:31Z","timestamp":1774421791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of government information release on public protective behaviors during the emerging infectious diseases epidemic in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1052.1","article-title":"Globalization of human infectious disease","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200742","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200742","article-title":"Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Wise","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103355","article-title":"Mask-wearing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: the role of individualism in a collectivistic country","volume":"82","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2017.1388455","article-title":"Investigating the effects of mass media exposure on the uptake of preventive measures by Hong Kong residents during the 2015 MERS outbreak: the mediating role of interpersonal communication and the perception of concern","volume":"23","author":"Ludolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1360\/tb-2020-0698","article-title":"Progress on the incubation period of COVID-19","volume":"66","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull Chin"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2147\/rmhp.S294885","article-title":"Risk communication effectiveness during COVID-19 pandemic among general population in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Almuzaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.104238","article-title":"Local government social media use, citizen satisfaction, and citizen compliance: evidence from the COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103093","article-title":"Perception risk, preventive behaviors and assessing the relationship between their various dimensions: a cross-sectional study in the Covid-19 peak period","volume":"77","author":"Samadipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103369","article-title":"Interpersonal risk communication matters more than media risk communication in its impact on individuals\u2019 trust and preventive behaviors during COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"700","article-title":"Research on the results of national public survey on the status of earthquake disaster mitigation services and the demand for earthquake early warning in 2020","volume":"44","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Seismol Sin"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.104169","article-title":"Influence mechanism of coping behaviours for natural hazards: empirical study in Henan, China","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x","article-title":"A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior: review of flood risk perceptions","volume":"32","author":"Philip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01844.x","article-title":"Perception and communication of flood risks: a systematic review of empirical research: perception and communication of flood risks","volume":"33","author":"Wim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103004","article-title":"Communicating COVID-19 risk changes: Signalling with words, phrases, and messages","volume":"77","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102373","article-title":"Risk perception of COVID-19: a comparative analysis of China and South Korea","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1332\/030557320x15832072208458","article-title":"Why nudge sometimes fails: fatalism and the problem of behaviour change","volume":"49","author":"Entwistle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Policy Polit"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604970","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604970","article-title":"The relationship between barriers and drivers of COVID-19 protective behaviors in Germany and the UK","volume":"67","author":"Mahdavian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12473","article-title":"Environmental and psychological variables influencing reactions to the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"25","author":"Rubaltelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13780","article-title":"Rethinking risk perception and its importance for explaining natural Hazard preparedness behavior","volume":"42","author":"Scovell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981649","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.981649","article-title":"Effects of information sources on public preventive behaviors in health emergencies: evidence from a digital epidemiologic study during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x","article-title":"The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence","volume":"32","author":"Lindell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12133","article-title":"Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan","volume":"40","author":"Lindell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations","author":"Simon","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.05.001","article-title":"Relationships between initial COVID-19 risk perceptions and protective health behaviors: a National Survey","volume":"59","author":"Bruine de Bruin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.13198\/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.06.18","article-title":"Protective behavior of Chinese population wearing masks during the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Environ Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1966.10664421","article-title":"Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick-role behavior","volume":"12","author":"Kasl","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2021.1887328","article-title":"COVID-19 protective model: the role of threat perceptions and informational cues in influencing behavior","volume":"24","author":"Ranjit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Risk Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.12973\/ojcmt\/2358","article-title":"Storytelling in crisis communication","volume":"8","author":"Ertem Eray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Online J Commun Media Technol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699020923607","article-title":"The role of storytelling in crisis communication: a test of crisis severity, crisis responsibility, and organizational trust","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mass Commun Q"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225968","article-title":"Characters matter: how narratives shape affective responses to risk communication","volume":"14","author":"Shanahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"375","article-title":"Risk communication and public rationality","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2102-9","article-title":"Measuring phenotype-phenotype similarity through the interactome","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"24","article-title":"Research on the mechanism behind the influence of the degree of public epidemic prevention and control perceptions on compliance behavior\u2014theoretical and empirical analyses based on COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Biao","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Public Adm Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13675","article-title":"The impact of trust and risk perception on the acceptance of measures to reduce COVID-19 cases","volume":"41","author":"Siegrist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.1.87","article-title":"Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research","volume":"127","author":"Compas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103374","article-title":"Understanding levels of compliance with emergency responder instructions for members of the public involved in emergencies: evidence from the Grenfell tower fire","volume":"84","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/bpp.2018.40","article-title":"Transparency effects on policy compliance: disclosing how defaults work can enhance their effectiveness","volume":"3","author":"Paunov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Public Policy"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2012.47","article-title":"Personal disaster preparedness: An integrative review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Kohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2015.01.002","article-title":"The spatiality of trust: factors influencing the creation of trust and the role of face-to-face contacts","volume":"33","author":"Nilsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Manag J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084515","article-title":"Does trust help to improve residents\u2019 perceptions of the efficacy of disaster preparedness? Evidence from Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103497","article-title":"Determining factors affecting perceived effectiveness among Filipinos for fire prevention preparedness in the National Capital Region, Philippines: integrating protection motivation theory and extended theory of planned behavior","volume":"85","author":"Kurata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102693","article-title":"Influencing factors for public risk perception of COVID-19 --perspective of the pandemic whole life cycle","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23232","DOI":"10.2196\/23232","article-title":"Information sources, risk perception, and efficacy appraisal's prediction of engagement in protective behaviors against COVID-19 in China: repeated cross-sectional survey","volume":"8","author":"Rui","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102626","article-title":"Uncovering people\u2019s mask-saving intentions and behaviors in the post-COVID-19 period: evidence from China","volume":"65","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103855","article-title":"Differences between self-initiated and exogenous preparedness: a study on the stock of household emergency material during the COVID-19 in China","volume":"95","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073887","article-title":"Promoting COVID-19 vaccination using the health belief model: Does information acquisition from divergent sources make a difference?","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.104107","article-title":"Exploration of factors associated with mask-wearing and hand disinfection in Japan after the coronavirus disease outbreak: a longitudinal study","volume":"98","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/rhc3.12219","article-title":"Trust in experts, not trust in national leadership, leads to greater uptake of recommended actions during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103840","article-title":"A look into our future under climate change? Adaptation and migration intentions following extreme flooding in the Netherlands","volume":"95","author":"Duijndam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12881","article-title":"Insurance, public assistance, and household flood risk reduction: a comparative study of Austria, England, and Romania","volume":"38","author":"Hanger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01616.x","article-title":"Emotions, trust, and perceived risk: affective and cognitive routes to flood preparedness behavior [article]","volume":"31","author":"Terpstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.18502\/sjms.v17i3.12118","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward prevention of COVID-19 among nursing and midwifery students: a cross-sectional study in Gorgan, Northern Iran","volume":"17","author":"Firoozjaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sudan J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768867","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.768867","article-title":"Trends and factors associated with risk perception, anxiety, and behavior from the early outbreak period to the controlled period of COVID-19 epidemic: four cross-sectional online surveys in China in 2020","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14511","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114511","article-title":"Preventive behaviors and information sources during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Uchibori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101618","article-title":"The influence of tailored risk communication on individual adaptive behaviour","volume":"49","author":"Attems","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.110.3.403","article-title":"Temporal construal","volume":"110","author":"Trope","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/s1057-7408(07)70013-x","article-title":"Construal levels and psychological distance: effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior","volume":"17","author":"Trope","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Consum Psychol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.07.026","article-title":"Health policy and leadership models during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review","volume":"81","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_719_20","article-title":"Importance of effective communication during COVID-19 infodemic","volume":"9","author":"Venkatashiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8010064","article-title":"Effective risk communication for public health emergency: reflection on the COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10017","article-title":"Judgment of information quality and cognitive authority in the web","volume":"53","author":"Rieh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104872","article-title":"Does culture matter social distancing under the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"130","author":"Huynh","year":"","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.17632\/wh9xk5mp9m.1","article-title":"The COVID-19 risk perception: a survey on socioeconomics and media attention","volume":"40","author":"Huynh","year":"","journal-title":"Econ Bull"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2012.0043","article-title":"How to communicate with the public about chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorism: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Rubin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosecur Bioterror"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2196\/21071","article-title":"Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14118","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014118","article-title":"Pandemics in the age of twitter: content analysis of tweets during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak","volume":"5","author":"Chew","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.3","article-title":"Social media use in emergency response to natural disasters: a systematic review with a public health perspective","volume":"14","author":"Muniz-Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-017-0470-0","article-title":"How the public uses social media WeChat to obtain health information in China: a survey study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103577","article-title":"Coverage of health information by different sources in communities: implication for COVID-19 epidemic response","volume":"17","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2014.961517","article-title":"Risk communication and social media during food safety crises: a study of stakeholders\u2019 opinions in Ireland","volume":"19","author":"Regan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Risk Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/10627261003801404","article-title":"Contextual and audience moderators of channel selection and message reception of public health information in routine and crisis situations","volume":"22","author":"Avery","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Public Relat Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.102871","article-title":"From warning messages to preparedness behavior: the role of risk perception and information interaction in the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18775\/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.72.1005","article-title":"Role of social media in shaping public risk perception during COVID-19 pandemic: a theoretical review","volume":"7","author":"Tsoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Manag Sci Bus Admin"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.840696","article-title":"Reputation, relationships, risk communication, and the role of trust in the prevention and control of communicable disease: a review","volume":"18","author":"Cairns","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.811323","article-title":"Trust during the early stages of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Freimuth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104260","article-title":"Why do parents refuse to self-protect? Socio-cultural factors influencing the immediate response of the older generation to COVID-19 and their spatial heterogeneity in China","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"934","article-title":"Mediator, moderator and covariate variables: concepts, statistical testing, and comparison","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01598.x","article-title":"Current directions in mediation analysis","volume":"18","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","article-title":"Mediation analysis","volume":"58","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989x.7.1.83","article-title":"A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects","volume":"7","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360","article-title":"Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun Monogr"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2011.557344","article-title":"Mediation analysis in a latent growth curve modeling framework","volume":"18","author":"von Soest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2014.00731","article-title":"Analyses of mediating effects: the development of methods and models","volume":"22","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2415344123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2415344123","article-title":"The psychological ability to adopt recommended coping responses reduced infections during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"123","author":"Hansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23010093","article-title":"Impact of social drivers of health, self-efficacy, and substance use on COVID-19 preventative behaviors among persons who inject drugs with hepatitis C: the HERO study","volume":"23","author":"Lopes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.135262.2","article-title":"Community preventive behaviour and perception on the severity of COVID-19 disease in Indonesia, 2021\u20132022: structural equation modelling","volume":"12","author":"Eryando","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.31674\/mjn.2025.v17isupp1.001","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 knowledge about dengue fever at Al-Najaf hospitals","volume":"17","author":"Alqaseer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malays J Nurs"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"Work and Motivation","author":"Vroom","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref91","volume-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research","author":"Fishbein","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(83)90023-9","article-title":"Protection motivation and self-efficacy: a revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change","volume":"19","author":"Maddux","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90410-8","article-title":"Risk perception, travel intentions and self-protective behavior of chronically ill tourists under the protection motivation perspective","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1731670\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:56:36Z","timestamp":1774421796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1731670\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1731670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1731670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"article-number":"1731670"}}