{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:24:42Z","timestamp":1791390282088,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mpox has re-emerged as a public health issue in West Africa, underscoring the need for robust surveillance systems that can detect outbreaks and facilitate effective responses. This study evaluates Senegal\u2019s mpox surveillance system, focusing on performance, data quality, governance, and potential for Artificial Intelligence-powered, predictive epidemic intelligence. It reviews trends and system operations while exploring AI and modeling to improve early warnings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive, exploratory approach combined quantitative and qualitative data from various sources. A retrospective review of mpox cases from January 2024 to October 2025 utilized DHIS2 Tracker to analyze geographical, temporal, and demographic patterns, as well as reporting delays and biases. Data-quality checks and stakeholder interviews provided insights into system performance, intersectoral coordination, and preparedness for advanced analytics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By late October 2025, Senegal had reported seven mpox cases, all in Dakar, primarily affecting young, mobile populations, with a higher incidence among children and working-age adults. Transmission followed population movement along the Dakar\u2013Thi\u00e8s\u2013Diourbel corridor, showing how urban density and mobility influence spread. The surveillance system improved reporting, geolocation, and follow-up, supported by One Health coordination and digital health infrastructure. Challenges include underreporting in rural areas, uneven coverage, limited real-time analytics, and gaps in data interoperability and responsible AI regulation. The AI4MPOX-SN initiative offers an opportunity to enhance epidemic intelligence by integrating human-animal-environment data, using AI for anomaly detection and predictive modeling to inform interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop predictive epidemic intelligence in Senegal, it\u2019s vital to involve local stakeholders, promote transparency, build workforce capacity, and establish safeguards for the ethical use of data. Combining technology, participatory governance, and institutional strengthening will enable Senegal to transition from reactive detection to proactive surveillance, positioning it as a regional leader in health security in West Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1742888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T06:29:44Z","timestamp":1770100184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing epidemic intelligence: evaluating Senegal\u2019s mpox surveillance system and readiness for AI-driven predictive modelling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sylvain L. B.","family":"Faye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology (LASAP-ETHOS) FLSH, Cheikh Anta DIOP University \u2013 DAKAR","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata B.","family":"Diongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Development (ISED), FMPOS, Cheikh Anta DIOP University","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdourakhmane","family":"Ndao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Surveillance and Vaccination Response Division, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boly","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Surveillance and Vaccination Response Division, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgette H. C.","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S&F Pro Consulting","place":["Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndiaye","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senegalese Institute of Algorithms (IAS)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fallou","family":"Diakhate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senegalese Institute of Algorithms (IAS)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tidiane","family":"Gadiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Information System Division (DSISS), Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pape Samba","family":"Dieye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergency Operations (COUS), Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumou Kalsom D.","family":"Gueye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Information System Division (DSISS), Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoro","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Surveillance and Vaccination Response Division, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Seck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Development (ISED), FMPOS, Cheikh Anta DIOP University","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssou Bamar","family":"Gueye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergency Operations (COUS), Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata","family":"Massaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department (SMIT), Fann Hospital","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Seydi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department (SMIT), Fann Hospital","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MSHP)","place":["Dakar, Senegal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2025106","article-title":"From the emergence of mpox in the Democratic Republic of Congo to global health emergencies","volume":"41","author":"Kinganda-Lusamaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-3203-1","article-title":"The resurgence of Mpox: a new Global Health crisis","volume":"32","author":"Acosta-Espa\u00f1a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Mpox","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Mpox situation update \u2013 west and Central Africa, Various issues","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Mpox global strategic preparedness and response plan","year":""},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Senegal reports Mpox case; patient in isolation","author":"Ng","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mgmed.2025.100023","article-title":"The re-emergence of Mpox: a global public health threat amplified by mass gatherings","volume":"4","author":"Mweene","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Glob Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-024-00678-1","article-title":"Understanding the resurgence of mpox: key drivers and lessons from recent outbreaks in Africa","volume":"53","author":"Akingbola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Senegal: health measures against Mpox in place for Touba\u2019s Magal pilgrimage","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.11648\/j.wjph.20251003.14","article-title":"Evaluation of MPOX epidemiological surveillance in Senegal, 2024","volume":"10","author":"Eliassou","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. 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