{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:41:12Z","timestamp":1791650472239,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to analyze the distribution and characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its subtype infections in women in Wuhan, China, with the objective of providing a reference for the prevention and control of HPV infection and cervical cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective study of women who visited a gynecology clinic in Wuhan and underwent HPV typing between January 2021 and December 2023. We determined the HPV subtypes by polymerase chain reaction and diversion hybridization and analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics of the women by age and year groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 36,248 women, 8,796 were positive for HPV infection, yielding a prevalence rate of 24.27% and showing an annual increasing trend. Single infection was the main type of HPV infection, accounting for 16.83% of cases, whereas multiple infections accounted for 7.44%. The prevalence rates of high-risk, low-risk, and mixed high- and low-risk HPV infections were 18.59, 2.66, and 3.01%, respectively. The prevalence rates of HPV infection in different age groups showed a bimodal U-shaped distribution, with the first and second peaks observed in the \u226424\u202fyear (21.45%) and the 55\u201364\u202fyear (32.45%) groups, respectively. A total of 21 HPV subtypes were identified. The five most common high-risk HPV subtypes were HPV-52, 58, 16, 53, and 51, with prevalence rates of 6.12, 3.66, 3.44, 2.68, and 2.41%, respectively. The three most common low-risk HPV subtypes were HPV-CP8304, 42, and 44, with prevalence rates of 2.17, 1.37, and 0.89%, respectively. In the \u226424\u202fyear group, the three most common subtypes were HPV-52, 16, and 58. In the \u226555\u202fyear group, the three most common subtypes were HPV-52, 58, and 16. The nine-valent vaccine had a 15.27% HPV genotype coverage rate. The high-risk genotype rate not covered by the vaccine was 10.44%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HPV prevalence rate among women in Wuhan was higher than that in certain developed cities in China. Among the three existing vaccines, the nine-valent vaccine is more suitable for women in Wuhan. It is necessary to further promote the cervical cancer vaccination program among young women. In addition, cervical cancer screening should be strongly advocated in perimenopausal women. The high frequency of high-risk HPV subtypes that are not covered by existing vaccines highlights the urgent need for new vaccine development based on the HPV epidemiology in the local population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1745604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:28:53Z","timestamp":1768458533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological analysis of human papillomavirus and its subtype infections in 36,248 women in Wuhan, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weina","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Department, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingjie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30190-1","article-title":"Long-read sequencing unveils high-resolution HPV integration and its oncogenic progression in cervical cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.028","article-title":"International standardization and classification of human papillomavirus types","volume":"476","author":"Bzhalava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073332","article-title":"HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among 38 056 women in Weifang, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02317-x","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infections among women in Chengdu,China","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102759","article-title":"Investigating factors affecting the effectiveness of Gardasil 4, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9 vaccines considering the WHO regions in females: a systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Zadeh Mehrizi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00449","article-title":"Multi-infection patterns and co-infection preference of 27 human papillomavirus types among 137,943 gynecological outpatients across China. Front","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05787-w","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in China: a meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01741-1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in Ethiopia: an updated systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Derbie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25396","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2212571","article-title":"HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in eastern China during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-22-0674","article-title":"Trend in cervical Cancer incidence and mortality rates in China, 2006-2030: a Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study","author":"Meiwen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01879-y","article-title":"Prevalence of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection and genotype distribution in Shanghai, China","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00541-8","article-title":"Distribution patterns of human papillomavirus genotypes among women in Guangzhou, China","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3105-x","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women in northeastern Guangdong Province of China","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1332696","article-title":"Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in women from Xiamen, China, 2013 to 2023","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10011-0","article-title":"Epidemiological study of human papillomavirus infection in 105,679 women in Wuhan, China","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000001306","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexually transmitted infection clinic visits","volume":"48","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000699","article-title":"Potential and demonstrated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexually transmissible infections","volume":"34","author":"Ogunbodede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13791","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13791","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 and other viruses on reproductive health","volume":"52","author":"Batiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.799736","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the gynecological outpatients HPV infection rate in Wuhan, China: a retrospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1357311","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection from Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic. Front","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01732-8","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes among women attending gynecology clinics in northern Henan Province of China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25365","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus among 19\u202f753 women attending gynecological department of a major comprehensive hospital in North Anhui China 2013-2016: implication for cervical cancer screening and prevention","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27013","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk HPV infection among women in Beijing, China","volume":"93","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27012","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus in 34\u202f420 cases in Yangzhou city, Jiangsu province","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"China"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1745604\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:28:54Z","timestamp":1768458534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1745604\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1745604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1745604","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"article-number":"1745604"}}