{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:15:27Z","timestamp":1783318527492,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is globally linked to serious health threats. Understanding the risk factors associated with COVID-19 would improve our health status and preparedness for pandemics. Smoking is linked to adverse and long-term health consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The central goal is to examine the factors associated with COVID-19 severity, including smoking E-Cigs and conventional cigarettes, using the Cigarette Dependence Index (a validated questionnaire), and considering sociodemographic variables and disease severity. The survey was distributed online from 19 January to 1 March, 2023; of 560 responses, 262 were included. We found that most cases in the fourth infection exhibited a higher percentage of symptom-free individuals and shorter disease duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that most cases in the fourth infection exhibited a higher per-centage of symptom-free individuals and shorter disease duration. The logistic regression analysis showed that singles were four times more susceptible than married individuals, and males were two times more likely to present coronavirus symptoms than females. The binomial logistic regression studies showed that post-coronavirus symptoms were higher in men and individuals with asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This evidence supports promoting innovative solutions to prevent smoking and establishing a sustainable emergency response system based on the COVID-19 experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1746370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T05:38:43Z","timestamp":1783316323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between smoking and COVID-19 symptoms, severity, and post-COVID-19 symptoms: a cross-sectional survey study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Musaad A.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra Maria","family":"Rogowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Opole","place":["Opole, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sary","family":"Alsanea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Almuneef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahani K.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542-5196(20)30301-6","article-title":"The relationship between cultural tightness\u2013looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: a global analysis","volume":"5","author":"Gelfand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"Ch. 6","volume-title":"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats","author":"Raimi Morufu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","author":"Strand","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd8988","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd8988","article-title":"Lessons from a pandemic for systems-oriented sustainability research","volume":"7","author":"Selin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac033","article-title":"Characterizing pandemic-related changes in smoking over time in a cohort of current and former smokers","volume":"25","author":"Nagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073373","article-title":"Effectiveness of cultural adaptations of interventions aimed at smoking cessation, diet, and\/or physical activity in ethnic minorities. 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