{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:17:22Z","timestamp":1788466642438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mercury poisoning remains a serious public health issue due to its multiple exposure routes and diverse clinical presentations. However, existing clinical evidence is fragmented, especially regarding real-world case data. This study addresses the gap by systematically reviewing global case reports to analyze clinical features, diagnosis, and treatments, thereby offering more robust evidence for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case reports of diseases caused by accidental mercury exposure, published from January 1950 to April 2025, were identified through a comprehensive search of three electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Following quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool, data extraction was conducted on demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, exposure sources, treatment modalities, and patient outcomes to facilitate further analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed 80 articles encompassing 126 cases of mercury poisoning, involving 61 males, 60 females, and 5 cases of unspecified sex. Patient ages ranged from 45-day-old neonates to 88-year-old adults. Clinical manifestations were diverse, primarily featuring systemic, respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Domestic\/environmental exposure was the most common poisoning route (59.5%), followed by medical\/iatrogenic exposure (16.7%) and occupational exposure (13.5%). Elemental and inorganic mercury were the predominant forms involved. Treatment primarily included chelation therapy, supportive care, and pharmacological interventions. Chelating agents were administered to 84.1% of patients, with DMSA, Dimercaprol (BAL), DMPS, and D-penicillamine being the most frequently used. Outcomes included complete recovery in 48.4% of cases, death in 13.5%, and long-term sequelae in some patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mercury poisoning induces severe and multisystemic symptoms, notably neurological damage. Public awareness remains insufficient, and universally accepted diagnostic criteria are still lacking. This study highlights the urgent need to enhance public education, refine clinical guidance, and advance research toward standardized management protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD420251133420.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1750332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:31:44Z","timestamp":1770013904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of diseases caused by mercury overexposure: a systematic review of case reports and case series"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conghua","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2014.47.2.74","article-title":"Environmental mercury and its toxic effects","volume":"47","author":"Rice","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42696","article-title":"Recent advances in the clinical management of intoxication by five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium and arsenic","volume":"11","author":"Balali-Mood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120357","article-title":"The association between mercury exposure during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"264","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041976","article-title":"Prenatal mercury exposure and neurodevelopment up to the age of 5 years: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Dack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Mercury toxicity","author":"Sharma","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70278-3","article-title":"Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Grandjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052326","article-title":"Mercury exposure and health effects: what do we really know?","volume":"26","author":"Charkiewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Chapter 7: systematic reviews of etiology and risk","volume-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","author":"Moola","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)92155-4","article-title":"Acute mercury poisoning in infancy; 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