{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:04:46Z","timestamp":1784009086715,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Transgender individuals represent a marginalised population, often exposed to unique psychosocial stressors, limited healthcare access, and social exclusion, all of which may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence focusing exclusively on the cardiovascular outcomes in this group remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of major cardiovascular morbidities among transgender adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A systematic search of five databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was conducted to identify observational studies reporting cardiovascular outcomes in transgender individuals aged \u226518 years. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022383213). The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies published in English. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using standardised tools. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n 10 eligible studies that focused on transgender individuals were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence rates were hypertension 21% (95% CI: 12\u201336;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 99.0%), stroke\/CVA 5% (95% CI: 3\u20138;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 84.3%), coronary artery disease (CAD) 3% (95% CI: 1\u201319;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 98.8%), and myocardial infarction (MI) 7% (95% CI: 6\u20139;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 75.5%). Funnel plots indicated a symmetrical distribution for hypertension and stroke, suggesting low publication bias, whereas asymmetry was noted for CAD and MI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This review revealed a substantial burden of cardiovascular morbidity among transgender individuals, warranting routine screening and targeted preventive strategies in this population. Policymakers and healthcare providers should consider inclusive approaches to reduce cardiovascular risk. Further longitudinal studies and comparative analyses of cisgender populations are essential for guiding evidence-based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022383213<\/jats:ext-link>\n , identifier: CRD42022383213.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:37:20Z","timestamp":1784007440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the cardiovascular burden in transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mallicka","family":"Mallicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Integral University","place":["Lucknow, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deep","family":"Shikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University","place":["Dehradun, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Chandan","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Doon Medical College","place":["Dehradun, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00683-8","article-title":"Transgender people: health at the margins of society","volume":"388","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Transgenderism in India: insights from current census\n \n \n \n Naik\n N\n \n \n Population Association of America (PAA) 2019 Annual Meeting\n \n 2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.102296","article-title":"T'Sjoen G. 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