{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:06:13Z","timestamp":1774940773542,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholera continues to pose a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in Lagos, where rapid urbanization, inadequate sanitation, and climatic variability converge to heighten vulnerability. This study reviews recent cholera outbreaks in Lagos through a One Health perspective, emphasizing their implications, intersectoral drivers, and existing response gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted using 48 articles published between 2013 and 2024, retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and official sources such as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Search terms included \u201cCholera,\u201d \u201cLagos,\u201d \u201cNigeria,\u201d and \u201cOne Health.\u201d Eligible studies addressed human, animal, and environmental determinants of cholera transmission and control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review identified 401 cholera cases and 21 deaths in Lagos State in 2024, and three reported cases in 2025. Cholera imposes substantial physical, psychological, and economic burdens. Physically, approximately one in 10 Lagosians may experience adverse health effects, ranging from dehydration to multi-organ complications. Psychologically, fear of infection and crisis conditions contribute to stress, anxiety, and stigma. Economically, cholera generates high direct and indirect costs across households, the health system, government, and the wider economy. Recurring outbreaks are strongly associated with inadequate Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, high population density, environmental contamination, and limited laboratory capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective public health interventions are essential to mitigate cholera outbreaks in Lagos, preventing increased transmission, mortality, and economic disruption. Persistent outbreaks highlight the absence of a coordinated One Health policy in the state. Integrating human, animal, and environmental surveillance within a unified framework is critical to achieving Nigeria's cholera elimination targets by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:34:11Z","timestamp":1774935251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholera in Lagos State, Nigeria: a One Health perspective on outbreaks and public health interventions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Malik Olatunde","family":"Oduoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, The Medical Research Circle (MedReC)","place":["Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadija Motunrayo","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, University of Nigeria","place":["Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Zulfiqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital","place":["MTI, Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Owais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences","place":["Jamshoro, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Riasat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College","place":["Bahawalpur, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruhma","family":"Sehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hammad Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University","place":["Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eram","family":"Shahzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faisalabad Medical University","place":["Faisalabad, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Jinnah Sindh Medical University","place":["Karachi, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Health System","place":["Danville, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.078","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholera","volume":"38","author":"Deen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i2.16381","article-title":"Molecular characterization of circulating Vibrio cholerae strains during the 2010 cholera outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Oyedeji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-01096-7","article-title":"Cholera in Nigeria: a five-decade review of outbreak dynamics and health system responses","volume":"44","author":"Ogunniyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464361","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1464361","article-title":"Cholera outbreak trends in Nigeria: policy recommendations and innovative approaches to prevention and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Eneh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0721","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing epidemic cholera","volume":"89","author":"Gaudart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Ileyemi\n              M\n            \n            \n              James\n              L\n            \n          \n          Cholera: Nigeria Records 53 Deaths as Government Warns Against Unhygienic Drinks\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Cholera in Nigeria: epidemiology and response\n          \n          1\n          10\n          \n            \n              Salako\n              B\n            \n            \n              Ajayi\n              A\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              S\n            \n          \n          Proc Niger Acad Sci.\n          14\n          2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002000","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002000","article-title":"The multi-sectorial emergency response to a cholera outbreak in Internally Displaced Persons camps in Borno State, Nigeria, 2017","volume":"5","author":"Ngwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00606-6","article-title":"Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.088","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors for cholera transmission in a changing climate","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Water Health."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00597","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00597-19","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae at the intersection of immunity and the microbiome","volume":"4","author":"Weil","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00028.1","article-title":"Solid waste and water quality management models for Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal","volume":"30","author":"Manfredi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mt Res Dev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.07.006","article-title":"Rainfall mediation in the spreading of epidemic cholera","volume":"60","author":"Righetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Water Resour."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ijtdh\/2019\/v40i330229","article-title":"An overview of cholera epidemiology in Africa with focus on Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Ebob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"What's driving multiple outbreaks of cholera in Nigeria?\n          \n          \n            \n              Ogunyemi\n            \n            \n              D\n            \n          \n          The Conversation\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30559-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"390","author":"Clemens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2021.0965","article-title":"Pandemics and epidemics: challenges for operations management research","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manuf Serv Oper Manag."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100257","article-title":"Prioritization of zoonotic diseases of public health significance in Nigeria using a One Health approach","volume":"13","author":"Ihekweazu","year":"2021"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Lagos Population 2025\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31826df662","article-title":"Acute diarrhea in adults and children","volume":"47","author":"Farthing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Monthly Regional Cholera Bulletin, July 2024\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2019.18334","article-title":"Analysis of factors contributing to the spread of cholera in developing countries","volume":"51","author":"Idoga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e063703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063703","article-title":"Cholera epidemic in Nigeria, 2020\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"Elimian","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"Cholera Update: Lagos Records New Suspected Cases\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Cholera Situation Report\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Cholera\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Cholera Fact Sheet\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00330-0","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"399","author":"Kanungo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.05.039","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa, 2010\u20132019","volume":"122","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Cholera\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0721","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing epidemic cholera","volume":"89","author":"Jutla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.28.311.13860","article-title":"Cultural influences behind cholera transmission in the Far North Region, Republic of Cameroon: a field experience and implications for operational level planning of interventions","volume":"28","author":"Ngwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19094974","article-title":"Community experiences of cholera in Haiti","volume":"19","author":"Bartels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_64_20","article-title":"Mental health aspects of pandemics","volume":"29","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/09505431.2011.652082","article-title":"The cholera stigma and the challenge of interdisciplinary epistemology: from Bengal to Haiti","volume":"21","author":"Hamlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Cult."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfh.2023.100039","article-title":"Burnout among healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"3","author":"Moyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthc."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Towards a social capital resilience model in coping with floods and droughts: the case of Muzarabani, Zimbabwe","volume-title":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures.","author":"Kasimba","year":"2022"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Cholera is Endangering Children Globally\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"Relationship between water, sanitation, hygiene practices and the incidence of water-borne diseases among urban slum households in Lagos State, Nigeria\n          \n          1\n          20\n          \n            \n              Aminu\n              FO\n            \n            \n              Udeze\n              E\n            \n          \n          J Agric Food Environ Anim Sci.\n          4\n          2023"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011312","article-title":"Cholera past and future in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Charnley","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0440","DOI":"10.1097\/GH9.0000000000000440","article-title":"The surging cholera epidemic in Africa: a review of the current epidemiology, challenges and strategies for control","volume":"7","author":"Lawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg Global Health."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcit.2025.100042","article-title":"Recurrent cholera outbreaks in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Onwunta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Decod Infect Transm."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101346","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101346","article-title":"IDSR implementation in West Africa","volume":"32","author":"Eneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00877-z","article-title":"Assessing the preparedness of Nigeria's diagnostic and laboratory infrastructure for Mpox surveillance and response","volume":"22","author":"Muoneke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Public Health."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czae067","article-title":"Enablers and barriers to implementing cholera interventions in Nigeria: a community-based system dynamics approach","volume":"39","author":"Elimian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002000","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002000","article-title":"Emergency cholera response in IDP camps","volume":"5","author":"Ngwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"United\n              Nations\n            \n          \n          Humanitarian Response Plan\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Project Appraisal Document\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.212398","article-title":"Association between conflict and cholera in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo","author":"Charnley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"Improving Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Services in Nigeria\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101007","article-title":"Insights and future directions: applying the One Health approach in international agricultural research for development to address food systems challenges","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen-Viet","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0221-0","article-title":"Unexplored opportunities: use of climate- and weather-driven early warning systems to reduce the burden of infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Morin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2024.102966","article-title":"Early warning systems, mobile technology, and cholera aversion: evidence from rural Bangladesh","volume":"125","author":"Pakhtigian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Environ Econ Manage."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-022-00450-4","article-title":"EWARN system in Somalia","volume":"16","author":"Lubogo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Confl Health."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18303","DOI":"10.17795\/iji-18303","article-title":"Diagnosis, clinical management, prevention, and control of cholera; a review study","volume":"1","author":"Sharifi-Mood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20231712","article-title":"Containment of cholera outbreak in a rural community in Rivers State, Nigeria: a case report on health care in danger","volume":"10","author":"Owhonda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Commun Med Public Health."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0361-3666.2005.00294.x","article-title":"Setting up an early warning system for epidemic-prone diseases in Darfur: a participative approach","volume":"29","author":"Pinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disasters."},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"Economic Impacts of Poor Sanitation in Africa\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604776","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604776","article-title":"Tackling cholera outbreak amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: challenges and recommendations","volume":"43","author":"Sow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030","year":"2017"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.31646\/gbio.88","article-title":"One Health approach, a solution to reducing the menace of multidrug-resistant bacteria and zoonoses from domesticated animals in Nigeria - A review","author":"Akinsuyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Biosecur."},{"key":"B63","unstructured":"Rallying Action to Curb Cholera in Lagos State\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001145","article-title":"Meeting cholera's challenge in Haiti","volume":"5","author":"Farmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755792\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:34:17Z","timestamp":1774935257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755792\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755792","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"article-number":"1755792"}}