{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1791574952372,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Measles remains a significant public health concern in Somalia, with recurrent outbreaks despite the availability of vaccines. This retrospective study aimed to examine the trends of measles outbreaks in Galmudug State, Somalia, between April 2023 and December 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using surveillance data from the Galmudug State Public Health Laboratory. All suspected and laboratory-confirmed measles cases reported between April 2023, and December 2024 were included. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 26, focusing on demographic characteristics, temporal distribution, and IgM confirmation rates. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) test and logistic regression analyses were performed, with statistical significance set at\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1,705 suspected measles cases were reported during the study period, of which 104 (6.0%) were laboratory confirmed. The incidence rate increased from 4.9 per 10,000 population in 2023 to 8.1 per 10,000 in 2024. The highest burden occurred among children aged 5\u20139 years (30%), followed by those aged 0\u20134 years (25.9%). Dusamareb District accounted for 95.8% of reported cases. No significant gender difference was observed (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.639).Logistic regression analysis also revealed that the rate of IgM-positive test in children aged 10\u201314 years and 0\u20134 years was significantly higher (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.05) by 11.3 and 7.7%, respectively, compared to other age groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The resurgence of measles in Galmudug indicates persistent immunity gaps and inadequate vaccination coverage, particularly among young children. Strengthening routine immunization, ensuring equitable access to vaccines, and enhancing surveillance and outbreak response mechanisms are critical to achieving measles elimination targets in the region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:22:14Z","timestamp":1776403334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trend of measles outbreak in Galmudug, Somalia: a retrospective study from 2023 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdulkadir M. Ahmed","family":"Keynan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Research, Training and Disease Surveillance at Banadir Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Benadir University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Dirie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang","place":["Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdiwali Mohamed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health System Strengthening, Ministry of Health","place":["Galmudug, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafie Abdirahman","family":"Dirie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Somali National University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi Abdihakim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Salaam University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdirahman Mohamed","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Emergency Department, Federal Ministry of Health","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Abubakar","family":"Fiidow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Simad University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Somali Center for Research and Consultancy","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/v8080210","article-title":"Measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Laksono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/v7020699","article-title":"Morbillivirus infections: an introduction","volume":"7","author":"De Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards\n \n 2018"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012\u20132020\n \n 2012"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00850-X","article-title":"Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: 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Resist."},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Galmudug\n Somali Health and Demographic Survey [Internet]\n \n 2020"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Integrated\n Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Global Partners\n \n \n IPC Population Estimates: Current (Jul-Sep 2025) - Somalia Acute Food Insecurity Analysis\n \n 2025"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Brazzaville\n WHO Regional Office for Africa\n African Regional Measles and Rubella Surveillance Guidelines\n \n 2015"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Measles \u2013 Somalia. Disease Outbreak News\n \n 2022"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"n.d.\n Infectious Disease Outbreaks Reported in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in 2022"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Health Emergency Programme [Internet]\n \n 2023"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S325173","article-title":"Epidemiology of measles in Bale zone, southeast Ethiopia: analysis of surveillance data from 2013 to 2019","volume":"14","author":"Tsegaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005143","article-title":"The challenge of protracted measles outbreaks in Kismayo, Somalia: a mixed-method investigation of measles burden and vaccination coverage during a 2020\u20132021 outbreak","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Pub Health"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Nearly 40 Million Children are Dangerously Susceptible to Growing Measles Threat"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.43.18.33443","article-title":"Epidemiological profile of measles in Niger: analysis of measles case-based surveillance data from 2010 to 2019","volume":"43","author":"Id\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afri Med J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07340-3","article-title":"Gender differences in measles incidence rates in a multi-year, pooled analysis, based on national data from seven high income countries","volume":"22","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of measles outbreak response activities and surveillance system performance in Nunukumba District, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia, June 2020","author":"Kaba Babure","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health Care."},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"Measles\n \n Stockholm\n ECDC\n Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022\n \n 2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755840\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:22:19Z","timestamp":1776403339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755840\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"article-number":"1755840"}}