{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:18:37Z","timestamp":1787498317104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      poses a public health risk. Investigating the associations between different serovars and their exposure sources and settings can guide prevention and control efforts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surveillance data on animal contact-associated single-state outbreaks in the U.S., reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention via the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) between 2009 and 2022, were analyzed. Descriptive statistics described the serovar-specific incidence rates and the distribution of exposure sources and settings. The co-occurrence patterns of serovars, exposure sources, and settings were evaluated using network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis. Serovar-specific temporal trends were assessed using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) and the Mann-Kendall test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2009 to 2022, a total of 104 NTS outbreaks were reported.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most dominant serovar (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f33; 31.73%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . I 4,[5],12:i:- (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f15; 14.42%), and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f10; 9.62%). Serovar Enteritidis was linked to poultry, while Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:- were associated with mammals, reptiles, and agricultural settings. Among 32 serovars, only Montevideo showed a significant temporal decrease in prevalence (tau\u202f=\u202f\u22120.549;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value\u202f=\u202f0.02), while the main serovars remained stable. Network analysis revealed interconnections among serovars, exposure sources, and settings, with\n                      <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      acting as a central hub linking various animal hosts and exposure environments. Reptile-associated outbreaks were a significant subset, dominated by serovars\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Agbeni,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Poona,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pomona, and\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Cotham.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study can inform public health authorities in their efforts to reduce the burden of NTS infections. The persistence of NTS serovars across diverse animal sources and exposure settings highlights the ongoing zoonotic transmission risk at the human-animal-environment interface. A comprehensive, One Health approach to prevention and control is suggested to mitigate the health burden of NTS outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:37:20Z","timestamp":1770187040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Animal contact-related nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica outbreaks in humans in the U.S. (2009\u20132022): serovar-specific temporal trends and associations with exposure sources and settings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hammad Ur Rehman","family":"Bajwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","article-title":"World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Salmonellosis","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3104.240913","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens, 2019","volume":"31","author":"Walter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7403a1","article-title":"Enteric disease outbreaks associated with animal contact \u2013 animal contact outbreak surveillance system, United States, 2009\u20132021","volume":"74","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2025.10.008","article-title":"Temporal trends and source attribution of animal-contact related human nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica outbreaks across the United States, 2009-2022","volume":"111","author":"Bajwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12569","article-title":"Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica infections linked to animal contact: demographic and outbreak characteristics and comparison to foodborne outbreaks United States. 2009\u20132014","volume":"66","author":"Marus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-19","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of Salmonella serovars in animal-based foods: a meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12852","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes S. 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