{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:43:49Z","timestamp":1790163829546,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) poses a pressing public health burden globally. Evidence linking long-term ambient particulate matter exposure to AD risk remains inconsistent, necessitating systematic quantification to inform prevention policies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2025 for cohort studies with \u22651\u202fyear of particulate exposure (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n , PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n , NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , NO\n x<\/jats:sub>\n , O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) and incident\/diagnosed AD. Quality was assessed via the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS), with random-effects models pooling hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs; subgroup analyses explored heterogeneity by study design, region, and follow-up duration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-five high-quality (NOS\u202f\u2265\u202f7\/9) cohort studies involving over 170 million participants were included. Meta-analyses showed higher AD risk with each 5\u202f\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n increase in PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n (HR\u202f=\u202f1.24, 95%CI: 1.10\u20131.39), 10\u202f\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n in PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n (HR\u202f=\u202f1.16, 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.33), 10\u202f\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n in NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (HR\u202f=\u202f1.06, 95%CI: 1.00\u20131.12), and 10\u202f\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n in NO\n x<\/jats:sub>\n (HR\u202f=\u202f1.05, 95%CI: 1.03\u20131.07). For O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , four included studies showed no significant association (HR\u202f=\u202f1.23, 95%CI: 0.65\u20132.31) with extremely high heterogeneity (\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =\u202f99.8%), indicating inadequate and unstable evidence. Subgroup analyses confirmed effect modification by study design, region, and follow-up duration; publication bias was low for most pollutants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n We recommend high-risk population screening, stricter emission standards, and prioritizing emission reduction in AD primary prevention\u2014aligning with global efforts to address environmental determinants of neurological health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n \n PROSPERO with the registration number CRD420251174986,\n https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD420251174986<\/jats:uri>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1757872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:34:55Z","timestamp":1770183295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and its association with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: influencing factors and a systematic review with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Section of Health Services and Management, School of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong Women\u2019s University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Yanji Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital","place":["Yanji, 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