{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:13:21Z","timestamp":1793121201713,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Population Health Observatory (PHO), established by Saudi Arabia\u2019s Ministry of Health, employs cutting-edge technology, machine learning (ML), and proactive forecasting to analyse big data as part of strategic efforts to advance the nation\u2019s health at the population level. This study explores the foundational goals, operational scope, future directions, and recommendations of the PHO in alignment with Vision 2030, considering its aim of enabling precision population health through artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled surveillance, equity-driven insights, and genomic integration. Drawing on global models, this review highlights PHOs\u2019 role in population health data management, including data collection, analysis, and proactive predictive analysis to forecast diseases. It is intended to guide other entities and care providers towards prevention and provide them with the support needed to achieve this via data-driven insights, continuous follow-up, and impact assessment, along with the promotion of research and innovation. This should empower other healthcare branches and health policy translations. Implementation of the PHO faces significant challenges, including data sharing, fragmentation, quality, and digital infrastructure. However, the Saudi PHO also presents a significant opportunity to promote data sharing, research collaboration, and equitable distribution of healthcare resources. Integration of the PHO into the healthcare landscape is possible if we address these obstacles and take advantage of the available opportunities. The Saudi PHO is well placed to evolve into an entity that can shape and transform the Kingdom\u2019s healthcare system while acting as a model for precision public\/population healthcare and evidence-based healthcare-related decision-making across the Middle East and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:48:56Z","timestamp":1770623336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The role and future of the population health observatory: advancing public health intelligence in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Al Eissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Public Health Lab, Public Health Authority","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) Research Centre","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Computational Sciences Department at the Centre for Genomic Medicine (CGM), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malak E.","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Eskandarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Alrwois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya A.","family":"AlMazni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaker A.","family":"Alomary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Assiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"AlAbdulaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Observatory, Ministry of Health","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Establishment of the population health agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2025.0047","article-title":"Transforming population health in Saudi Arabia: aligning strategies with vision 2030 for a healthier future","volume":"28","author":"AlAbdulKader","year":"2025","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804591-6.00003-3","article-title":"Chapter 2 - National Health Information Systems and health observatories","volume-title":"Global Health informatics","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpopen.2022.100085","article-title":"National health observatory: a tool to strengthen the health information system for evidence-based decision making and health policy formulation in Cameroon","volume":"3","author":"Ndoungue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy OPEN"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2213","article-title":"Financing healthcare in gulf cooperation council countries: a focus on Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Alkhamis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10423","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10423","article-title":"Leveraging data to support health equity in an integrated delivery and finance system","volume":"8","author":"Kogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learn Health Syst"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2022.0203","article-title":"Charting an equity-centered public health data system","volume":"10","author":"Plough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53294\/ijflsr.2024.6.2.0030","article-title":"Tackling health disparities in the United States through data analytics: a nationwide perspective","volume":"6","author":"Adekugbe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Front Life Sci Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.33050\/italic.v3i1.622","article-title":"Big data analytics for predictive insights in healthcare","volume":"3","author":"Gates","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Trans Artif Intellig"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Global strategy on digital health","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.11.840","article-title":"Strengthening national health information systems: challenges and response","volume":"22","author":"Alwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.59298\/rojbas\/2024\/421114","article-title":"The role of public health in promoting health surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Wairimu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Output J Biol Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518440","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1518440","article-title":"The current state, challenges, and future directions of artificial intelligence in healthcare in Saudi Arabia: systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Aljehani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Artif Intellig"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.20.005","article-title":"Profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in major cities of Afghanistan WHO stepwise approach","volume":"26","author":"Saeed","year":"2020","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2022.1072","article-title":"Modelling geographical heterogeneity of diabetes prevalence and socio-economic and built environment determinants in Saudi City-Jeddah","volume":"17","author":"Dahlan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.26719\/2011.17.10.784","article-title":"Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview","volume":"17","author":"Almalki","year":"2011","journal-title":"East Mediterranean Health J"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Data-driven policy impact evaluation: How access to microdata is transforming policy design","author":"Crato","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0127122","article-title":"An evaluation of the implementation of maternal obesity pathways of care: a mixed methods study with data integration","volume":"10","author":"Heslehurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jech-2023-220621","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220621","article-title":"Using administrative data to evaluate national policy impacts on child and maternal health: a research framework from the maternal and child health network (MatCHNet)","volume":"77","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arboviral diseases\u2019 outbreaks in the region and EMRO\u2019S response","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Monit"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-022-00058-0","article-title":"Baseline assessment of Health Research Systems in Saudi Arabia: harnessing efforts and mobilizing actions","volume":"12","author":"Alfawaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1108\/JICA-01-2020-0002","article-title":"Making it personal\u2013population health management and the NHS","volume":"28","author":"McShane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Integr Care"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190855574.001.0001","volume-title":"Essentials of clinical informatics","author":"Frisse","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/JNMO.JNMO_13_24","article-title":"Precision public health: is the concept endurable to perdurable","volume":"18","author":"Modi","year":"2024","journal-title":"NMO J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030279","article-title":"Reconceptualising precision public health","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561873","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.561873","article-title":"Convergence of precision medicine and public health into precision public health: toward a big data perspective","volume":"9","author":"Velmovitsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00068","article-title":"Big data\u2019s role in precision public health","volume":"6","author":"Dolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.10.038","article-title":"Multi-omics integration in biomedical research \u2013 a metabolomics-centric review","volume":"1141","author":"W\u00f6rheide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aggp.2025.100163","article-title":"Advancing life expectancy in Saudi Arabia: insights from global best practices","volume":"2","author":"Alosaimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr Plus"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259","article-title":"Machine learning in medicine","volume":"380","author":"Alvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Deep medicine: How artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again","author":"Topol","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.59298\/rojbas\/2024\/421922","article-title":"The use of AI in predicting disease outbreaks","volume":"4","author":"Ntakirutimana Kamanzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Output J Biol Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.59298\/rijpp\/2024\/322629","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in predicting epidemics","volume":"3","author":"Nassimbwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Invent J Public Health Pharm"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2023.9.1.0283","article-title":"Leveraging machine learning and AI in healthcare: a paradigm shifts from the traditional approaches","volume":"9","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Arch"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1017\/ASH.2021.192","article-title":"Machine learning and artificial intelligence: applications in healthcare epidemiology","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Stewardship Healthcare Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.59298\/nijrms\/2024\/5.3.16190","article-title":"The use of machine learning in predicting health trends","volume":"5","author":"Gakire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Newport Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref55","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref57","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref58","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.62441\/nano-ntp.v20iS5.68","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in improving healthcare operations in Saudi Arabia: analytical study of current and future systems","volume":"20","author":"Abdo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnol Percept"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37826","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37826","article-title":"Saudi Arabia health systems: challenging and future transformations with artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633977","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.633977","article-title":"Data-driven surveillance: effective collection, integration, and interpretation of data to support decision making","volume":"8","author":"D\u00f3rea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/28269","article-title":"An urban population health observatory system to support COVID-19 pandemic preparedness, response, and management: design and development study","volume":"7","author":"Brakefield","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Converge or collide? Making sense of a plethora of open data standards in healthcare: an editorial","volume-title":"J Med Internet Res","author":"Tsafnat","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/GM73","article-title":"Genomic electronic health records: opportunities and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Al-Ubaydli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1145\/3010089.3010143","article-title":"Healthcare big data: challenges and opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Tahar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Conf Big Data"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"235","article-title":"The development of a national health research observatory in South Africa: considerations and challenges","volume":"2016","author":"Mekwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"S Afr Health Rev"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Recommendation of the council on health data governance","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Health in the 21st century: putting data to work for stronger health systems","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref70","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"313","article-title":"Open Challenges","volume-title":"Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series","author":"Nivodhini","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.28.39.32.s32","article-title":"The eastern region public health observatory","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101119","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101119","article-title":"Harnessing digital footprint data for population health: a discussion on collaboration, challenges and opportunities in the UK","volume":"31","author":"Burgess","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Informat"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)61854-5","article-title":"Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world","volume":"376","author":"Frenk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref75","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Developing a Saudi health informatics competency framework: a comparative assessment","volume-title":"MEDINFO 2019: Health and wellbeing e-networks for all","author":"Almalki","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"199","article-title":"The co-design process for interactive tools for predicting polygenic risk scores","author":"Zubairi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities","volume":"74","author":"Bambra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"WHO Commission on social determinants of health","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30217-0","article-title":"The commercial determinants of health","volume":"4","author":"Kickbusch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420196-5.00023-X","article-title":"Public and population health genomics","author":"Wise","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Population health management genomics newborn screens with multi-omics intercepts","author":"Henry","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00182-5","article-title":"Familial screening for the prevention of rare diseases: a focus on lipodystrophy in southern Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Abuzenadah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00263-z","article-title":"International newborn screening: where are we in Saudi Arabia?","volume":"14","author":"Alhusseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.24911\/jbcgenetics\/183-1614266028","article-title":"Genetic carrier screening for disorders included in newborn screening in the Saudi population","volume":"4","author":"Eissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biochem Clin Genet"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19029-0","article-title":"The perception of genetic diseases and premarital screening tests in the central region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Eissa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2022.29","article-title":"Common disease-associated gene variants in a Saudi Arabian population","volume":"42","author":"Aleissa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250317","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1250317","article-title":"Reclassifying variations of unknown significance in diseases affecting Saudi Arabia\u2019s population reveal new associations","volume":"14","author":"Al Eissa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.029","article-title":"Dissecting the shared genetic architecture of suicide attempt, psychiatric disorders, and known risk factors","volume":"91","author":"Mullins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815079517122010012","article-title":"Multi-omics data integration: applications in systems genomics","volume-title":"Omics Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis and Gene Therapy: Medical applications in human genetics","author":"Naz","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100847","article-title":"A population-based study of precision health assessments using multi-omics network-derived biological functional modules","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2020"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1818017","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758899\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:52:42Z","timestamp":1773759162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758899\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"article-number":"1758899"}}