{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1779163141881,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality in Europe, driven by a persistently high prevalence of modifiable risk factors. The aim of this study is to asse\n                      <jats:bold>ss<\/jats:bold>\n                      the prevalence, age-related trends, and sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors among adults aged 35\u201365\u202fyears participating in the Cardiovascular Prevention Program in Poland (2022\u20132024).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 1,187,168 adults (718,528 women; 468,640 men) screened as part of Polish Cardiovascular Prevention Program. Evaluated risk factors were hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, elevated fasting glucose, tobacco use, low physical activity, overweight, and obesity. Analyses were stratified by age, sex, and year of participation. Linear and polynomial regression models were used to describe age-related patterns and short-term changes observed over the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overweight (46.9\u201347.0% vs. 33.3\u201334.0%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and obesity (29.8\u201330.3% vs. 21.3\u201322.2%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;0.001) were notably higher in men. Among women, overweight and obesity nearly doubled with age (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.05). Hypertension was less prevalent than expected but still higher in men (29.8\u201331.5% vs. 15.8\u201317.1%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;0.001). Elevated cholesterol affected 63.5\u201366.9% of participants, especially women (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;0.001), with no age-related decline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.05). Undiagnosed diabetes rose with age, reaching 5.1% in men aged 60\u201365 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.001). Smoking persisted at high levels across all age groups, increasing among older women (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.05; sex difference\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;0.001). Physical inactivity declined with age in women (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.05) but increased in men (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a large cohort without cardiovascular disease, we identified alarmingly high levels of modifiable risk factors, with significant age and sex disparities. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted, sex- and age-specific strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:49:25Z","timestamp":1772520565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular risk control in a large national cohort: insights from over 1 million participants in a cardiovascular prevention program"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kubielas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Health Care Services, Polish National Health Fund, Central Office in Warsaw","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Uchmanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]},{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Health, Edinburgh Napier University","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Magdziarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugo Steinhaus Center, Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","place":["Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Service, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]},{"name":"Group of Research in Care (GRUPAC), Faculty of Health Science, University of La Rioja","place":["Logro\u00f1o, Spain"]},{"name":"Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Nursing Department, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ku\u0142aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Services, Polish National Health Fund, Central Office in Warsaw","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology","place":["Warszawa, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Prejbisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology","place":["Warszawa, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":""},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae466","article-title":"European society of cardiology: the 2023 atlas of cardiovascular disease statistics","volume":"45","author":"Timmis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref3","year":""},{"key":"ref4","year":""},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7510.187","article-title":"Changes in dietary fat and declining coronary heart disease in Poland: population based study","volume":"331","author":"Zatonski","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","year":""},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318825350","article-title":"Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry","volume":"26","author":"Kotseva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320908698","article-title":"Primary prevention efforts are poorly developed in people at high cardiovascular risk: a report from the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational research programme EUROASPIRE V survey in 16 European countries","volume":"28","author":"Kotseva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001961","article-title":"2018 Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH\/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension.","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref11","year":""},{"key":"ref12","year":""},{"key":"ref13","year":""},{"key":"ref14","year":""},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02230-3","article-title":"Gender inequalities in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"L\u00f3pez Ferreruela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s44294-024-00040-0","article-title":"Preventing ischemic heart disease in women: a systematic review of global directives and policies","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Womens Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/213742","article-title":"From consensus to action: implementing cardiovascular prevention guidelines in primary healthcare","volume":"35","author":"Kurpas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54264","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54264","article-title":"Gender bias in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Al Hamid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"124","author":"Mosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.069","article-title":"Participation of women in clinical trials","volume":"71","author":"Pilote","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0282-4","article-title":"European health examination surveys \u2013 a tool for collecting objective information about the health of the population","volume":"76","author":"Tolonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","year":""},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2015.0235","article-title":"Multi-Centre national population health examination survey (WOBASZ II study): assumptions, methods, and implementation","volume":"74","author":"Drygas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"ref24","year":""},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102344","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"49","author":"Sebastian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10080328","article-title":"Longitudinal trends in severe Dyslipidemia in the Czech population: the Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA study","volume":"10","author":"C\u00edfkov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/174743","article-title":"2023: the year in cardiovascular disease\u2013the year of new and prospective lipid lowering therapies. Can we render dyslipidemia a rare disease by 2024?","volume":"19","author":"Banach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.a2022.0260","article-title":"Managed care after acute myocardial infarction (MC-AMI) \u2014 Poland\u2019s nationwide program of comprehensive post-MI care improves prognosis in 2-year follow-up. A single high-volume center intention-to-treat analysis","volume":"81","author":"Ku\u0142ach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae588","article-title":"European heart journal: a call to action","volume":"45","author":"Crea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad472","article-title":"Women, lipids, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a call to action from the European atherosclerosis society","volume":"44","author":"Roeters van Lennep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref32","year":""},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315582320","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality in Eastern Europe: longitudinal results from the health, alcohol and psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe study","volume":"23","author":"Stefler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063673","article-title":"Global rounds: Poland","volume":"149","author":"Sokolska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3464","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias over 10 years in Poland: the WOBASZ study","volume":"126","author":"Paj\u0105k","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.72423","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the adult Polish population\u2013multi-center National Population Health Examination Surveys\u2013WOBASZ studies","volume":"14","author":"Niklas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3499","article-title":"Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight among adults in Poland. Results of the WOBASZ II study (2013-2014) and comparison with the WOBASZ study (2003-2005)","volume":"126","author":"Stepniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zwae281","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100926","article-title":"Announcing the lancet regional health-Europe commission on inequalities and disparities in cardiovascular health","volume":"41","author":"Bugiardini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758928\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:49:26Z","timestamp":1772520566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758928\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1758928","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"article-number":"1758928"}}