{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:54:17Z","timestamp":1774281257353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the occurrence of three pathogens, influenza virus A (FluA), influenza virus B (FluB) and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Mp) in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) between 2021 and 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FluA, FluB and Mp were detected by antigen\/antibody kit in specimens from 29,014 children with ARTI admitted to Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The total pathogen detection rate was 43.79% (12,707\/29014) with 30.14% (8,745\/29014) Mp-positive cases, 7.08% (55\/29014) FluA-positive and 6.57% (1907\/29014) FluB-positive. Total detection rates were 28.05% (2,472\/8813) in 2021, 29.38% (2,550\/8680) in 2022 and 66.70% (7,685\/11521) in 2023. Co-infection rates with two or more pathogens increased over the period of interest from 0.75% (66\/8813) in 2021, 0.93% (81\/8680) in 2022 to 2.38% (274\/11521) in 2023 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f115.931,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). FluA detection also increased and was present in 0.53% cases in 2021, 6.01% in 2022 and 12.90% in 2023, reaching a peak in February 2023 of 17.83% and March 2023 of 64.42%. FluB detection rates were more stable at 5.25% in 2021, 7.67% in 2022 and 6.75% in 2023, reaching a peak of 22.17% in December 2023. Mp detection was higher in 2023 at 47.05% with a peak of 82.21% in October 2023 than in 2021 (15.89%) or 2022 (15.69%). More FluA-positive cases were seen in the &amp;gt;12 age groups than in younger children and FluB detection also increased with age. Mp infection was detected in the &amp;gt;4 age group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathogen spectrum and epidemiology of ARTI changed between 2021 and 2023. Age-specific bandings of infection were seen in the cohort of children. Outbreaks of FluA, FluB and Mp influence the pathology of ARTI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1762939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:42:55Z","timestamp":1772779375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of influenza A, influenza B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection in Xi\u2019an from 2021 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haijin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center","place":["Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Infection Control, Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center","place":["Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingtong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control, Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac734","article-title":"The spectrum of influenza in children","volume":"76","author":"Hoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26539","article-title":"Clinical profile of influenza virus-related hospitalizations in children aged 1-59 months: a five-year retrospective study from South India","volume":"58","author":"Thangaraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01669-y","article-title":"Comparison of 11 respiratory pathogens among hospitalized children before and during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shenzhen, 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