{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1781848475657,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal assessments of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among a triad of parents, teachers and children in low-middle income countries are scarce. CoKiDSS assessed changes in seroprevalence among asymptomatic primary school learners, their parents, and teachers in a semi-rural South African school setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was estimated at baseline (May\u2013August 2023) and follow-up (October 2023) using a point-of-care COVID-19 IgG\/IgM test. Results were adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity. Between-group differences and within-participant serostatus changes were assessed using Fisher\u2019s exact test, and McNemar\u2019s test, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      292 participants (203 learners, 71 parents, and 18 teachers) were included in this analysis. At baseline, overall (all group combined), SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was 73% (unadjusted) and 78% (adjusted for test sensitivity). Seropositivity was higher among learners compared to parents (74% unadjusted to 77% adjusted vs. 66% unadjusted to 69% adjusted), with teachers showing the highest levels (94% unadjusted to 99% adjusted). Approximately 2.7% of learners were IgM seropositive, while about 25% of participants were IgG\/IgM seronegative (24% of learners, 34% of parents, and 5.6% of teachers). At follow-up, overall SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence rose to 85% (unadjusted) to 95% (adjusted), with increases across all groups (learners: 96%, parents: 90%, teachers: 100%). A group-level longitudinal assessment showed there were significant increases in IgG seropositivity among learners (74\u201390%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001) and parents (66\u201385%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.015), while teachers remained consistently seropositive. The individual-level longitudinal assessment demonstrated that 69% of participants remained seropositive at follow-up, while 20% of those seronegative at baseline were seropositive at follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three years after the COVID-19 pandemic, despite no reported symptoms, and no vaccination campaigns, SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence increased over the 3\u20134-month follow-up period, particularly among unvaccinated learners, suggesting ongoing exposure and antibody persistence, although causal attribution cannot be established. Teachers maintained consistently high seroprevalence, likely reflecting sustained antibodies following prior infection or vaccination. Data suggest high levels of circulating virus and asymptomatic spread created endemicity in this environment. These findings should not guide vaccination policy but instead inform understanding of population-level seroprevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1781847986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among learners, parents, and teachers in a South African school community"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Reshmi","family":"Dassaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terusha","family":"Chetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]},{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brodie","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Ramraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samkelisiwe","family":"Buthelezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanya","family":"Mohlabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarylee","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Singini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomonde","family":"Gwebushe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameena","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"WHO COVID-19 Dashboard","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2015.04.003","article-title":"On the relative role of different age groups in influenza epidemics","volume":"13","author":"Worby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13546-6","article-title":"The relative effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on wave one Covid-19 mortality: natural experiment in 130 countries","volume":"22","author":"Stokes","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Dashboards on the Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/0376835X.2024.2311711","article-title":"COVID-19 disruptions and education in South Africa: two years of evidence","volume":"41","author":"Willis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev South Afr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2021.102485","article-title":"Education response to COVID 19 pandemic","volume":"87","author":"Reuge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Educ Dev"},{"key":"ref7","year":""},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3277","article-title":"The impact of differential antiviral immunity in children and adults","volume":"12","author":"Prendergast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144115","article-title":"Age-related susceptibility to coronavirus infections: role of impaired and dysregulated host immunity","volume":"130","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.002","article-title":"Understanding immunosenescence and its impact on vaccination of older adults","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901022","article-title":"Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response","volume":"184","author":"Panda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19369","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.42.19369-en","article-title":"Interim report on pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections in South Africa, April to October 2009: epidemiology and factors associated with fatal cases","volume":"14","author":"Archer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181926c28","article-title":"Premature aging of T cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"50","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Deficiency Syndr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-021-00216-1","article-title":"Aging and CMV discordance are associated with increased immune diversity between monozygotic twins","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piad002","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of COVID-19 in children and adolescents over four successive epidemic waves in South Africa, 2020-2022","volume":"12","author":"Chiwandire","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Diseases Soc"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"WHO SAGE Road Map for Prioritizing uses of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Context of Limited Supply: An Approach to Inform Planning and Subsequent Recommendations Based on Epidemiological Settings and Vaccine Supply Scenarios","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02254-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and implications for vaccination","volume":"93","author":"Nathanielsz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00061-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in primary schools in England in June\u2013December, 2020 (sKIDs): an active, prospective surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"Ladhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049876","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049876","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in adolescent students and their teachers in Saxony, Germany (SchoolCoviDD19): persistent low seroprevalence and transmission rates between may and October 2020","volume":"11","author":"Armann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J Open"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.12.026","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children and young people in households and schools: a meta-analysis of population-based and contact-tracing studies","volume":"84","author":"Viner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2023.100712","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns in educational settings during the alpha wave in Reggio-Emilia, Italy","volume":"44","author":"Gran\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e814","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00124-0","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children to contacts in schools and households: a prospective cohort and environmental sampling study in London","volume":"3","author":"Cordery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01908-5","article-title":"Daily testing for contacts of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and attendance and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges: an open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30251-0","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Australian educational settings: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Macartney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020048090","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-048090","article-title":"Incidence and secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections in schools","volume":"147","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30882-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in educational settings: a prospective, cross-sectional analysis of infection clusters and outbreaks in England","volume":"21","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004107","article-title":"Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies","volume":"19","author":"Bergeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220278","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence after third wave of infections, South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Kleynhans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002358","article-title":"A national household-based population seroprevalence survey of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in South Africa 2020-2021","volume":"3","author":"Simbayi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plos Global Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119658","article-title":"Population immunity and COVID-19 severity with omicron variant in South Africa","volume":"386","author":"Madhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1548945","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among learners in grades 1\u20137, their parents and teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Dassaye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52713","DOI":"10.2196\/52713","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections in a triad of primary school learners (grades 1-7), their parents, and teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: protocol for a cross-sectional and nested case-cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Dassaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res Res Protocols"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"The Sixth South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey, 2022: A Summary Report","author":"Zuma","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"The First National TB Prevalence Survey, South Africa 2018 - Short Report","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"General Household Survey","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref37","year":""},{"key":"ref38","year":""},{"key":"ref39","year":""},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257046","article-title":"Large increases in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in children in England: effects of the delta wave and vaccination","volume":"84","author":"Oeser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40035","DOI":"10.57187\/smw.2023.40035","article-title":"Heterogeneous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in school-age children: results from the school-based cohort study ciao Corona in November-December 2021 in the canton of Zurich","volume":"153","author":"Haile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257046","article-title":"Does school reopening affect SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school-age children in Milan?","volume":"16","author":"Barcellini","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003583","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among school-age children in Milan: how has it changed with the fourth pandemic wave?","volume":"41","author":"Mari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Diseases J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0355","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in preschool and school-age children\u2014population screening findings from January 2020 to June 2022","volume":"119","author":"Ott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.016","article-title":"COVID-19 schools infection survey group. National and regional prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in primary and secondary school children in England: the school infection survey, a national open cohort study, November 2021 SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in school children","volume":"86","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.230471","article-title":"Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence, Oregon, USA, November 1, 2020\u2013June 30, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Falender","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280801","article-title":"Escalating spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection after school reopening among students in hotspot districts of Oromia region in Ethiopia: longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Gobena","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04904-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in Mozambican primary school-aged children at Maputo City and province: a cross-sectional study from a low-income country","volume":"24","author":"Bauhofer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bio Med Central Pediatr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj2258","article-title":"Hybrid immunity","volume":"372","author":"Crotty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad353","article-title":"Hybrid immunity: the best of both worlds","volume":"228","author":"Lasrado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n616","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n616","article-title":"Clustering and longitudinal change in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in school children in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland: prospective cohort study of 55 schools","volume":"372","author":"Ulyte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2221616","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21616","article-title":"Long-term immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adults after mild infection","volume":"5","author":"Di Chiara","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.210965","article-title":"Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG in children 6 months after infection, Australia","volume":"27","author":"Toh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080622","article-title":"Deciphering the longevity and levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children: a year-Long study highlighting clinical phenotypes and age-related variations","volume":"13","author":"Pons-Tom\u00e0s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220569","article-title":"Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over 18 months following infection: UK biobank COVID-19 serology study","volume":"78","author":"Be\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02570-3","article-title":"Sustained seropositivity up to 20.5 months after COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Doba\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bio Medical Central Medicine"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112313","article-title":"Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for 13 months after infection","volume":"13","author":"Ku\u010dinskait\u0117-Kodz\u0117","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100098","article-title":"Prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2 following the first peak of infection in England: serial cross-sectional studies of 365,000 adults","volume":"4","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Region Health \u2013 Eur"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.027","article-title":"Age significantly influences the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antibody assays","volume":"109","author":"Irwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2059401","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people living with HIV","volume":"11","author":"Ao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4385","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"325","author":"Boyarsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770703\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1781847988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770703\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"article-number":"1770703"}}