{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:12:14Z","timestamp":1779257534306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Particulate matter 2.5 (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) has been associated with numerous health effects, yet there is limited understanding of specific effects on kidney health in women prior and during pregnancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cohort study was conducted. The satellite spatiotemporal inversion model combined with aerosol optical depth estimated the PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure levels and six main components before (4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks), and during (13 weeks) pregnancy. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA) were assessed at 13 weeks of gestation. Multiple linear regression and weighted quantile sum regression models were used to investigate the nephrotoxic effects of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and its components.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The associations between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and BUN, SCr, and UA at 13 weeks of gestation were explored in 1,499, 1,508, and 699 participants, respectively. Maternal SCr increased by 2.44 \u03bcmol\/L (95%CI:1.31, 3.58) at 13 weeks of gestation and 4.56 \u03bcmol\/L (95%CI: 3.68, 5.44) at 4 weeks before pregnancy, respectively. The primary contributors to SCr from PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      components were organic matter and soil dust at 4 weeks before pregnancy, and for soil dust and black carbon at 13 weeks of gestation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mixed exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      components was in connection with renal function in pregnant women, with potential health implications for women as well as infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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