{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:35:26Z","timestamp":1776926126417,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at higher risk for long-term Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) related consequences, due to bidirectional relationship and shared biological pathways between chronic alcohol use and COVID-19 disease. However, they are significantly underrepresented in the literature examining adverse outcomes associated with COVID-19 disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, we comprehensively examined the initial group differences between AUD patients who experienced symptomatic COVID-19 disease and AUD patients without a history of COVID-19 disease. We investigated differences between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups in AUD severity (alcohol use, alcohol craving), cognitive functions (assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and basic blood parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot study was conducted in two study points 6 months apart. Participants were 32 COVID-19 AUD patients and 31 non-COVID-19 AUD patients, who met rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sociodemographic questionnaire, COVID-19 interview and validated measurement instruments (5.0.0. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, M.I.N.I.; Penn Alcohol Craving Scale, PACS; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, AUDIT; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA; Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale, Revised, CIWA-Ar) were assessed. Also, blood parameters were measured: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as inflammatory; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as biochemical; total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) as lipid parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the COVID-19 group, 93.7 % of participants had a mild form of the disease. There was significant difference between the two groups in cognitive functions which improved in the non-COVID-19 group, whereas they remained unchanged in the COVID-19 group [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(1, 56.157)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 6.875,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011]. TC showed distinct pattern over time in the COVID-19 group [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(1, 49.997)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 18.234,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = &amp;lt; 0.001]. CRP showed a weak negative relationship with the time since recovery from COVID-19 (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.025,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009). The non-relapse group also showed an improvement in cognitive functions after six months, in contrast to the relapse group [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(1, 56.157)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 6.879,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011]. In all participants, HDL levels increased after six months [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(1, 58.036)<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.604,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive functions and blood parameters require long-term follow-up in COVID-19 AUD patients. Better clinical and blood outcomes in non-relapse group support the overall benefits of reduction in alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1773558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:36:16Z","timestamp":1776922576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Initial insights into the relationship between symptomatic COVID-19 disease and specific clinical and blood parameters in patients with alcohol use disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lea","family":"Kozina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap\u010de","place":["Zagreb, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Divna","family":"Bla\u017eev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar","place":["Zagreb, 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