{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:02:08Z","timestamp":1779778928578,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22&ZD064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22&ZD064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72403021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72403021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72103107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72103107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018978","name":"Zhejiang Office of Philosophy and Social Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24ZJQN031YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZJQN031YB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018978","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid development of modern transportation networks, coupled with increasing urbanization and population mobility, presents a dual challenge for global public health systems: while enhancing connectivity and economic integration, these networks also accelerate the spatial dissemination of infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, starkly illustrated this paradox. As a major national transportation hub with dense high-speed rail (HSR) connectivity, Wuhan exemplifies how modern transport infrastructure can facilitate the rapid intercity transmission of pathogens. The unprecedented lockdown of Wuhan on January 23, 2020, along with nationwide transportation controls, constituted a critical natural experiment for assessing the effectiveness of mobility restrictions in containing epidemic spread. This study provides timely empirical evidence on this pivotal public health intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilizing a multi-source dataset encompassing daily confirmed COVID-19 cases from 294 Chinese cities, HSR operational records, Baidu migration big data, and urban socioeconomic indicators, this study employs an econometric framework to evaluate the impact of transportation networks and controls on epidemic dynamics. Our empirical strategy involves cross-sectional and panel data analyses, with a focus on comparing cities with and without HSR connectivity before and after the Wuhan lockdown. We control for confounding factors such as city-level economic development, existing transportation infrastructure, and pre-lockdown population inflows from Wuhan. A series of robustness checks, including alternative model specifications, sample restrictions, placebo tests, and permutation simulations, are conducted to ensure the reliability of causal inferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis reveals that HSR connectivity served as a primary channel for the early intercity transmission of COVID-19. Cities connected to the HSR network, particularly those with direct links to Wuhan, experienced significantly higher numbers of confirmed cases. On January 30, 2020, HSR-connected cities (excluding Wuhan) had an average of 12.62 more cases than non-HSR cities, which accounted for an estimated excess of 2,852 cases nationally. The correlation between pre-lockdown population outflows from Wuhan and subsequent case distribution in destination cities was strongly positive. Importantly, the implementation of the Wuhan lockdown and associated transportation suspensions effectively disrupted this transmission pathway. The estimated effect of HSR on case counts diminished sharply immediately after the lockdown, underscoring the efficacy of mobility restrictions in curbing epidemic spread.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that large-scale transportation controls, exemplified by the Wuhan lockdown, can be a highly effective non-pharmaceutical intervention for containing emerging infectious diseases in their initial stages. The findings validate the scientific rationale behind China's containment strategy, which centered on source control and transmission route interruption. Beyond the immediate pandemic context, this research highlights the critical interplay between transportation planning and public health preparedness. It underscores the necessity for policymakers worldwide to integrate epidemic response mechanisms into the governance of highly mobile, interconnected urban systems. The evidence presented here offers a robust, data-driven rebuttal to politicized critiques of China's early response and provides valuable insights for designing coordinated, evidence-based mobility policies to mitigate future global health threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1777746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:02:35Z","timestamp":1779775355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transportation control and epidemic containment: empirical evidence from China's Wuhan lockdown"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China-CEEC Institute of Economic and Trade Cooperation, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, China"]},{"name":"School of Business, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, 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