{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:39:07Z","timestamp":1773765547712,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female breast cancer still represents a substantial public health obstacle in many countries. The condition remains costly for healthcare providers and imposes heavy burdens on healthcare systems in countries globally. There is a significant gap in information regarding the economic burden of carcinoma of the breast affecting the women of Antigua and Barbuda. Consequently, this research aims to quantify the costs related to female breast carcinoma from the perspective of the healthcare provider in the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed a prevalence-based cost of illness methodology. Data on female breast cancer were collected from four research sites in Antigua and Barbuda for the years 2017 to 2021 to calculate the average yearly prevalence. Both top down and bottom up costing methods were employed to compute direct medical costs, using the price levels from 2021 and converting the amounts to United States Dollars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated total annual direct medical costs for female breast carcinoma was USD3.1 million. Treatment for clinical stages I to IV accounted for 78% of costs. Our leading contributors to annual direct medical costs were treatment (USD2,458,305.82), post-treatment care (USD390,474.79), and diagnosis and imaging (USD143,045.38). Overall direct medical unit costs was estimated at USD177,618.02, with lead drivers being surgery, systemic therapy, and \u2018other complications of treatment\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study presented findings regarding direct medical costs of female breast carcinoma in Antigua and Barbuda. Our cost estimates appeared considerable given the local context. These findings provided a reference for informing health policy, advising on resources allocation, and encouraging cost containment in female breast cancer management in Antigua and Barbuda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1779404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:22:44Z","timestamp":1773757364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost analysis of female breast cancer in Antigua and Barbuda: a prevalence based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andre A. N.","family":"Bovell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cebisile","family":"Ngcamphalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Brizan-St. Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Transformation Unit, Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States","place":["Castries, Saint Lucia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jabulani","family":"Ncayiyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Themba G.","family":"Ginindza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]},{"name":"Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["Durban, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J 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