{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:31:03Z","timestamp":1793705463166,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suya, a widely consumed street-vended meat in Nigeria, may expose consumers to trace metal contamination due to informal preparation and vending conditions. Given its frequent patronage, contamination risk is shaped not only by exposure but also by how often people consume Suya, the factors influencing vendor choice, and their understanding of contamination and protective behaviors. In this study, \u201cknowledge\u201d refers to consumers' understanding of trace metal sources and health effects, while \u201cawareness\/safety practices\u201d reflect risk perception and behavioral responses to minimize exposure. Therefore, this study assessed socio-demographic characteristics, consumption behaviors, knowledge of trace metal contamination, and safety practices among Suya consumers in Yenagoa metropolis, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and May 2024 among 396 regular Suya consumers selected through time-location-based simple random sampling across markets, schools, residential areas, and evening vending spots to reflect varying consumption periods. Eligible participants were residents aged \u226516 years who had consumed Suya within the previous 3 months to ensure stable and recent consumption patterns. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The response rate was 92.7%. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Frequencies, percentages, and composite scores were computed. Associations were tested using Pearson's Chi-square. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha (overall \u03b1 = 0.75) and Spearman's rank correlation examined relationships among section scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most respondents were female (71.5%), aged 16\u201325 years (66.2%), single (79%), and had tertiary education (71.7%). Suya consumption was frequent, with 58.3% buying from roadside vendors; age was significantly associated with vendor choice (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). Occupation influenced availability near workplace\/school (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036). Education was significantly associated with higher-level contamination knowledge and regulatory support. Positive correlations were observed between consumption patterns and influencing factors (\u03c1 = 0.546,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) and between knowledge and safety practices (\u03c1 = 0.132,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suya consumption is shaped by accessibility and convenience, while education enhances contamination knowledge and protective behaviors. Targeted public health education and strengthened vendor monitoring are recommended to reduce potential trace metal exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1779695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:39:08Z","timestamp":1773988748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Patterns of Suya (roasted beef) consumption, awareness of trace metal contamination, and food safety practices among residents of Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sylvester Chibueze","family":"Izah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University","place":["Yenagoa, Bayelsa, 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