{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:37:02Z","timestamp":1789414622389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      contaminations of edible animal products reflects hygiene failures along the slaughter and processing value chains and represent a significant public health concern, particularly when isolates harbour antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). This study assessed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, and ARG profiles of presumptive\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      recovered from cattle carcasses and meat-contact surfaces in a government-owned (Gwagwalada) and a privately-owned (Dei-Dei) slaughterhouse in Abuja, Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Swab samples from carcasses (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 300) and meat-contact surfaces (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 240) were processed using standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. A subset of isolates was randomly selected for molecular confirmation, while multidrug-resistant isolates were screened for selected ARGs by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of presumptive\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      across both slaughterhouses was 19.4%. All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with universal resistance to ampicillin and high resistance to other commonly used antimicrobials. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices indicated exposure to high-risk contamination environments. Molecular analysis revealed frequent detection of clinically important ARGs, including\n                      <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>blaCTX-M<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>blaVIM<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate substantial contamination of slaughterhouse environments with multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and underscore the need for improved hygiene practices, prudent antimicrobial use, and strengthened molecular surveillance to limit the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance along the human food chain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:43:20Z","timestamp":1774248200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular detection and antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli and closely related Enterobacteriaceae from cattle carcasses and meat contact surfaces at slaughterhouses in Abuja, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chinwe E.","family":"Okoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja","place":["Abuja, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel O.","family":"Njoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environment Sciences, University of South Africa","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria","place":["Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environment Sciences, University of South Africa","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy F.","family":"Chah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria","place":["Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071556","article-title":"Meat and human health-current knowledge and research gaps","volume":"10","author":"Geiker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-294","article-title":"Quality and safety of fresh beef in retail: a review","volume":"85","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030725","article-title":"Occurrence and multidrug resistance in strains of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from the anaerobic co-digestion sludge contained in a single stage steel biodigester","volume":"11","author":"Manyi-Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Implicat Antimicrob Stewardship Microorgan"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106132","article-title":"Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant zoonoticE. coli from beef processing and retail points in Delta state, Nigeria","volume":"224","author":"Onwumere-Idolor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health impli Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"e0282418","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Njoga","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92819-3","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers","volume":"11","author":"Aworh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00769","article-title":"Assessment of bacterial contamination of beef in slaughterhouses in Owerri zone, Imo state, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Uzoigwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Scientific Conference of COST Action 18105 \u201cRisk-Based Meat Inspection and Integrated Meat Safety Assurance (RIBMINS)","author":"Antic","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2021","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Poirel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectrum"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"496","volume-title":"Food Handlers: A Global Review of Persistence, Transmission, and Mitigation Challenges","author":"Viana","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"The Federal Capital of Nigeria. Geography of its Development","author":"Balogun","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"The Population and People of Nigeria","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-6","DOI":"10.9734\/jemt\/2017\/33438","article-title":"Manpower development and employees\u2019 performance: qualitative assessment of small and medium scale business in Abuja Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Ofobruku","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Econ Manag Trade"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Prevetmed.2012.11.020","article-title":"Major causes of organs and carcass condemnation in small ruminants slaughtered at Luna export abattoir, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia","volume":"110","author":"Regassa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of enteric pathogens isolated from acute gastroenteritis patients in Gaza strip, Palestine","volume":"2","author":"Elmanama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iajaa"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527104","volume-title":"Cowan and Steel\u2019s Manual for the Identification of Medical bacteria","author":"Barrow","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3464-3472.1998","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the biofilm covering Montacuta ferruginosa (Mol lusca, Bivalvia) as evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis and cloning of PCR-amplified gene fragments coding for 16S rRNA","volume":"64","author":"Gillan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44100300","article-title":"A systematic review on suitability of molecular techniques for diagnosis and research into infectious diseases of concern in resource-limited settings","volume":"44","author":"Yalley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute; CLSI","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited. Improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120100679","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli in samples collected at an abattoir in Zaria, Nigeria, and at different points in the surrounding environment of animals in Ibadan","volume":"142","author":"Kabiru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nigeria Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303104","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/303104","article-title":"Carbapenemase genes among multidrug-resistant gram-negative clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"2014","author":"Mushi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Ijfoodmicro.2010.06.030","article-title":"Potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli serogroups in the faeces and meat of food-producing animals in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"142","author":"Ojo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"38","article-title":"Assessment of bacteriological quality of sold meat in the butcher shops of Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Kebede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl J Hygiene"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2316(86)90067-8","article-title":"Molecular analysis of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from cow meat in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using the 16S rRNA gene","volume":"5","author":"Indraswari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodiversitas J Biologi Div"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000289","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000289","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157.H7 in beef at a commercial slaughterhouse in Moro, Kwara state, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ajuwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.05.001","article-title":"The first report of Escherichia fergusonii isolated from non-human primates in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Barbara","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12533","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (2019). An overview of prevalence and intervention strategies","volume":"66","author":"Mir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in antimicrobial resistance \u2013 a global threat","author":"Adeola","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00263-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene determinants in clinical Escherichia Coli from different animal species in Switzerland","volume":"91","author":"Lanz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Microbial"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.Jfp-12-251","article-title":"Lineages and virulence gene content among extended-Spectrum \u0392-lactamase producing Escherichia Coli strains of food origin in Tunisia","volume":"76","author":"Jouini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.02.016","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico","volume":"14","author":"Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01803-x","article-title":"Detection of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY, and blaSHV genes among extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from migratory birds travelling to Bangladesh","volume":"83","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food animals and antimicrobials. Impacts on human health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210716","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of antibiotic use prior to laboratory tests at two Ghanaian hospitals","volume":"14","author":"Donkor","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4571-4575.2002","article-title":"Comparison of a repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR method and clinical and microbiological methods for determining strain sources in cases of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia","volume":"40","author":"Martin-Lozano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.08.019","article-title":"An outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemase in western China","volume":"31","author":"Zong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.3042","article-title":"Molecular characterization of equine herpesvirus-1 and asinine herpesvirus \u22125 isolated from aborted fetuses of Arabian horses","volume":"50","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thai J Vet Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2017.07.003","article-title":"Knowledge Management, Decision-Making Style and Organizational Performance","volume":"4","author":"Abubakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation & Knowledge"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"165","article-title":"Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia coli to Identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods","volume-title":"Applied Environmental Microbiology","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes","volume":"70","author":"Poirel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh070","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes, integrons and multiple antibiotic resistance in thirty-five Salmonella enterica. isolated from humans and animals in the UK","volume":"53","author":"Randall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782324\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:43:22Z","timestamp":1774248202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782324\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782324","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"article-number":"1782324"}}