{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1781100158843,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased mental distress among healthcare workers (HCW) during the COVID-19 pandemic has been well documented. Frontline research has rarely focused on fathers among HCW. This web-based multi-center study aimed to evaluate work\u2013family conflict (WFC) among HCW fathers during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Work\u2013family conflict was assessed in cross-sectional, partly overlapping subsamples of 2,844 fathers across four time points (T1:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1,155; T2:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f930; T3:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f343; T4:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f416) from April 2020 to May 2022, and compared to 6,981 age-matched mothers and 1,194 male colleagues without children. A longitudinal subsample of\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f188 fathers who participated at two or more time points was analyzed separately. The impact of workload, exhaustion, fear, moral concerns, and institutional trust on HCW fathers\u2019 WFC was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, cross-sectional linear modeling, and longitudinal linear mixed-effects modeling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fathers reported higher WFC at T1\u2013T3, with levels comparable to mothers, except at T2, when fathers exceeded them. WFC increased from T1 to T4. Risk factors included higher workload, exhaustion, moral concerns, and lower institutional trust, with exploratory longitudinal evidence pointing to a growing protective role of institutional trust against WFC over time. Younger age, cohabitation, children in the household, contact with COVID-19 and full-time employment were also linked to higher WFC. More fathers were working full-time than childless male colleagues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings underscore that WFC among HCW fathers is a structural issue that requires targeted workplace adaptations during crises. Addressing fathers\u2019 caregiving roles through flexible and culturally sensitive policies will be crucial to mitigate conflict and promote sustainable work\u2013family integration. Future research should examine causal pathways to develop tailored work-life balance models for fathers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1782679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T04:23:03Z","timestamp":1780892583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fatherhood among healthcare workers: perceived work\u2013family conflict and its influential factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional and exploratory longitudinal findings from the VOICE study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Mogwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jona","family":"K\u00f6rber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Jerg-Bretzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital","place":["Cologne, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of Bonn","place":["Bonn, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Beschoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesim","family":"Erim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Geiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of Bonn","place":["Bonn, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Morawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Steudte-Schmiedgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria-Beatrice","family":"Wintermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.18723\/diw_wb:2020-19-1","article-title":"Corona-Krise erschwert Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie vor allem f\u00fcr M\u00fctter: Erwerbst\u00e4tige Eltern sollten entlastet werden","volume":"87","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2020","journal-title":"DIW Wochenber"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12773","article-title":"Gendering boundary work: experiences of work\u2013family practices among Finnish 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