{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:09:04Z","timestamp":1771571344746,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilized the \u201cnatural experiment\u201d created by the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the epidemiological characteristics and determinants of the severity of product-related injuries among children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data on product-related injuries in children aged 1 to 17\u202fyears from the Xiamen Injury Surveillance System between 2016 and 2024. The study period was categorized into three phases: pre-pandemic, during NPIs, and post-NPIs. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed, adjusting for demographic and injury-related confounders. Interaction terms (period\u202f\u00d7\u202finjury location, period\u202f\u00d7\u202fproduct category) were included to analyze the independent effect of the NPIs period on the risk of severe injury (requiring hospital admission) and its effect modification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 39,245 cases were included. During the NPIs period, the proportion of injuries occurring at home peaked at 56.38%, with notable increases in the proportions of foreign body injuries and burns\/scalds. In the post-NPIs period, the proportion of injuries occurring at schools and public places rebounded to 18.07%. While the NPIs period was not independently associated with injury severity in the main effects model, interaction analysis revealed that, compared to furniture-related injuries in the pre-pandemic period, the risk of severe injury was significantly higher during the NPIs period for injuries involving agro-forestry-fishery products (aOR\u202f=\u202f15.59, 95% CI: 4.70\u201351.75), household appliances (aOR\u202f=\u202f4.20, 95% CI: 1.37\u201312.88), and children\u2019s toys (aOR\u202f=\u202f3.47, 95% CI: 1.29\u20139.33). Conversely, the severity risk of injuries occurring at schools and public places in the post-NPIs period was significantly lower than in the pre-pandemic period (aOR\u202f=\u202f0.47, 95% CI: 0.23\u20130.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NPIs reshaped the risk landscape of childhood injuries, significantly increasing the severity of injuries associated with specific home-related products (e.g., toys and household appliances). These findings underscore the necessity of integrating targeted product safety interventions within the home environment during public health emergency responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1783277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:33Z","timestamp":1771569693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for severity of product-related injuries in children during COVID-19: a non-pharmaceutical intervention study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huli District Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qionghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jimei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youlan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhinan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626739","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1626739","article-title":"Global patterns and health impact of unintentional injuries among children and adolescents, 1990-2021","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.02.003","article-title":"Product-related injury morbidity among Americans aged 0\u201319 years, 2001\u20132020","volume":"85","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Saf Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003044","article-title":"The distance study: determining the impact of social distancing on trauma epidemiology during the COVID-19 epidemic\u2014an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"90","author":"Matthay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-022-01897-z","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the trauma incidence and modified its pattern in Al-Ain City, United Arab Emirates","volume":"48","author":"Alao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.22032","article-title":"What has changed in injury-related presentations during COVID-19 pandemic? 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