{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:42:41Z","timestamp":1777768961018,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In women, breast cancer has the highest incidence compared to other cancers. Breast self-awareness may facilitate early detection of cancer through self-examination. This study aimed to apply the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change to determine breast self-awareness intentions among female health workers in the western region of Kabul.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female health workers from Western Kabul city were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study by visiting different health centers using a convenience sampling method. A 37-item researcher-developed questionnaire with established validity and reliability based on MTM was used. In this study, 130 eligible participants completed the questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to explain breast self-awareness behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of the participants was 26.46 years (SD = 5.2). The study found that changes in the physical environment (\u03b2 = 0.095,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012) and behavioral confidence (\u03b2 = 0.053,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010) were significantly associated with initiation of breast self-awareness. In addition, intention to maintain breast self-awareness behavior was significantly associated with practice for change (beta = 0.161,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and changes in the social environment (beta = 0.077,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that constructs of the Multi-Theory Model are associated with initiation and maintenance of breast self-awareness behavior. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the relevance of the MTM framework in this population. Future interventions may benefit from incorporating these constructs to promote breast self-awareness for breast cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1784908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:49:29Z","timestamp":1776836969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applying multi-theory model to determine intentions to breast self-awareness among female health workers in Kabul, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Masouma","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farkhondeh 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