{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:02:16Z","timestamp":1779778936800,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine\/lixisenatide injection (iGlarLixi) vs. insulin degludec\/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) in individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) diabetes model to simulate 20-year clinical and economic outcomes from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Baseline cohort characteristics and treatment effects were derived from the Soli-D clinical trial (NCT05413369). Drug prices for iGlarLixi and IDegAsp were sourced from Yaozhi Complication-related costs and utility values were obtained from literature. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The willingness-to-pay threshold was defined as three times China's per capita gross domestic product ($13,448 in 2024) per Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY). Both costs and utilities were discounted at 5% annual rate. One-way sensitivity, scenario, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with IDegAsp, iGlarLixi treatment resulted in an additional gain of 0.03 QALYs with a saving of $301.38 (dominant), indicating a favorable economic outcome toward iGlarLixi over IDegAsp. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Within the threshold of $40,344\/QALY, the probability of iGlarLixi being cost-effective compared with IDegAsp was 83%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In individuals with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by oral antihyperglycemic agents, treatment with iGlarLixi is associated with superior long-term clinical outcomes and lower healthcare costs compared to IDegAsp in the Chinese healthcare setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1787562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:03:17Z","timestamp":1779775397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of iGlarLixi vs. IDegAsp in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a BRAVO model-based evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans","place":["LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans","place":["LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta","place":["GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans","place":["LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang","place":["Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clinic Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.19538\/j.nk2021080106","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Intern Med"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"International\n              Diabetes Federation\n            \n          \n          IDF Diabetes Atlas, 11th edition.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3158","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3158","article-title":"Standards of medical care for type 2 diabetes in China 2019","volume":"35","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0066","article-title":"2019 Update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. 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