{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:16:01Z","timestamp":1792512961455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Guilin, China, from 2023 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between October 2023 and October 2024, 400 pharyngeal swabs were collected weekly from ILI patients and 18 respiratory pathogens were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 400 samples, the overall pathogen-positive rate was 74.0% (296\/400). Among the detected pathogens, Influenza (Flu) was the main pathogen (44.0%, 176\/400), followed by SARS-CoV-2 (12.3%, 49\/400) and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MP) (8.8%, 35\/400). The detection rate is highest in the age group of 45\u201359\u202fyears old, reaching 91.7%. The detection rates for Flu, SARS-CoV-2, MP, HAdV, RSV, EV, and HPIV showed significant differences among age groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). The peak period of positive detection rate was autumn and winter (Nov 2023\u2013Mar 2024). Flu (H3N2 and IBV) dominated in autumn and winter, but was gradually replaced by SARS-CoV-2 and MP thereafter. By autumn 2024, SARS-CoV-2 and HRV were predominant. Co-infections were identified in 14.2% (42\/296) of positive cases, with the combination of Flu and MP being the most common (19.0%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the study period, ILI in Guilin was primarily driven by Flu, which co-circulated with other pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 and MP, demonstrating distinct seasonal patterns and demographic distributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1788314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:50:02Z","timestamp":1773903002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The pathogen spectrum of influenza-like illness in Guilin, China, 2023\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Huainan First People's Hospital)","place":["Huainan, China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology","place":["Huainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingli","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Huainan First People's Hospital)","place":["Huainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Huainan First People's Hospital)","place":["Huainan, China"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology","place":["Huainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease 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