{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:52:50Z","timestamp":1781679170951,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Since early modern times, people suffering from venereal diseases have been subject to social stigmatization. In the German Democratic Republic and in other socialist dictatorships, young women who did not conform to the regime\u2019s ideology had to undergo medically unnecessary venereological treatments. At the beginning of the Franco Dictatorship in Spain (1939\u20131975), the\n                      <jats:italic>Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la mujer<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Patronage for the Protection of Women) was created, aiming to discipline female adolescents. The state Catholic organization had its own medical service. This paper examines the institutions of the Patronato in Catalonia in order to determine if its venereological practice was influenced by Francoist ideology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed contemporary publications of the Patronato\u2019s national board from the National Catalan Archive in Sant Cugat de Vall\u00e8s as well as unpublished documents of the Patronato\u2019s provincial boards in Catalonia from the Archive of the Spanish Government Representation in Barcelona and the Historical Archive of Lleida. To examine these sources, we implemented the historical-critical method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the headquarters of the provincial board of the Patronato in Barcelona, there was a treatment room where venereological examinations were carried out against the will of the patients. The Patronato cooperated with the\n                      <jats:italic>Hospital de la Magdalena<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a closed venereology ward to which women with venereal diseases were forcibly admitted for inpatient treatment until this institution was closed in 1959. Since 1963, young women who had been handed over to the Patronato were isolated in a so-called\n                      <jats:italic>Centro de Observaci\u00f3n y Clasificaci\u00f3n<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Observation and Classification Centre), where they had to undergo extensive medical examinations to determine their further treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all three of the institutions examined in this study, examinations were carried out on the basis of questionable medical indications. The patients were young women who had been referred to the Patronato because they had violated the social norms of the Franco regime. This suggests that the examinations were less a part of medical care and more a part of social control mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1794738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:56:31Z","timestamp":1781675791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Venereological practice and the Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer (patronage for the protection of women) in Catalonia during the Franco Dictatorship (1939\u20131975)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Grafl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Steger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Salud, Enfermedad y Medicina en el Franquismo","author":"B\u00e1guena","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Mujer, Moral y Franquismo. Del Velo al Bikini","author":"Prieto Borrego","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2418","article-title":"Decreto de 27 de marzo de 1941 por el que se deroga el del Ministerio de Trabajo, Sanidad y Previsi\u00f3n de 28 de junio de 1935, relativo a la reorganizaci\u00f3n de la Lucha Antiven\u00e9rea of 1941","volume":"10","author":"Franco","year":"1941","journal-title":"Boletin Oficial del Estado"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"338","volume-title":"The Seduction of Modern Spain. The Female Body and the Francoist Body Politics","author":"Morcillo","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.17583\/generos.2021.5960","article-title":"La Prostituta como v\u00edctima del sistema represivo franquista. Un An\u00e1lisis desde los informes del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer","volume":"10","author":"Guill\u00e9n Lorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multidiscip J Gend Stud"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"9080","article-title":"Decreto de 6 de Noviembre de 1941 por el que se Organiza el Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer of 1941","volume":"11","author":"Franco","year":"1941","journal-title":"Boletin Oficial del Estado"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Pol\u00edticas de Represi\u00f3n y Punici\u00f3n de las Mujeres. Las Lavandar\u00edas de la Magdalena de Irlanda y el Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer de Espa\u00f1a","author":"Iglesias Aparicio","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Redimir y Adoctrinar: El Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer (1941\u20131985)","author":"Guill\u00e9n Lorente","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Junta Nacional del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer","year":"1949"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1943"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1962"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Civil Governor of Barcelona. 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Hist\u00f2ria d\u2018una ing\u00e8nua ferida","volume":"8","author":"de Bellmunt","year":"1934","journal-title":"La Rambla"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"30","article-title":"La represi\u00f3n de la trata de blancas","volume":"2","year":"1930","journal-title":"El Diluvio"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"8","article-title":"La represi\u00f3n de la trata de blancas","volume":"1","year":"1931","journal-title":"La Vanguardia"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"15","article-title":"La represi\u00f3n de la trata de blancas","volume":"1","year":"1932","journal-title":"La Vanguardia"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"571","article-title":"El taller-escola de l\u2019Hospital de la lluita antiven\u00e8ria","volume":"7","author":"Peyr\u00ed","year":"1937","journal-title":"La Medicina Catalana"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1948"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"6916","article-title":"Ley por la que se aprueba la nueva regulaci\u00f3n de la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Ven\u00e9reas of 1959","volume":"5","author":"Franco","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn oficial del Estado"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Lerida","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Lerida","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Geschlossene Venerologische Stationen in der DDR","author":"Steger","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.25143\/amhr.2020.XIII.04","article-title":"Combatting venereal diseases as an instrument of politicised medicine. An analysis of the example of soviet occupation zone in Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the polish people\u2019s republic","volume":"13","author":"Orzechowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Medico Historica Rigensia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19245","article-title":"Women education in the soviet prophylactoria and the care homes for sexually transmitted disease patients in the soviet occupation zone of Germany","volume":"37","author":"Schochow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"319","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis de la Sanidad en Espa\u00f1a a lo Largo Del Siglo XX","author":"Navarro Garc\u00eda","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"28","volume-title":"El Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Junta Provincial del Patronato de Protecci\u00f3n a la Mujer Barcelona","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del a\u00f1o 1952","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del a\u00f1o 1953","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del a\u00f1o 1954","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del a\u00f1o 1955","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del A\u00f1o 1956","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del A\u00f1o 1957","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Estad\u00edstica Municipal. Resumen del A\u00f1o 1958","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Civil Governor of Barcelona. Archive of the Spanish Government Representation in Barcelona","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref51","year":"1944"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1794738\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:56:37Z","timestamp":1781675797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1794738\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1794738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1794738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"article-number":"1794738"}}