{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:08:28Z","timestamp":1784740108825,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Loneliness and social isolation are increasingly recognized as public health challenges linked to higher health care costs and poor health outcomes. As mental health needs continue to outpace the availability of behavioral health resources, there is growing need for cost-effective, widely accessible, whole-person approaches, such as social prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study examines changes in self-reported mental health during participation in Art Pharmacy, a US-based social prescribing program, among adults referred through health care and community partners. We analyzed changes in mental health over time using a quasi-experimental single-group longitudinal design. The primary outcome was mental health and psychological wellbeing measured with the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index. Generalized estimating equations examined changes across follow-ups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n WHO-5 scores increased significantly over time. In baseline-adjusted analysis (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 239), WHO-5 scores increased at all follow-ups (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), with peak mean increases of 18\u201320 points at follow-ups 6\u20138 and sustained through follow-up 9. Increases exceeded the 10-point threshold for meaningful change on the WHO-5. Baseline WHO-5 scores predicted follow-up levels and participants showed similar improvement trajectories. Similar patterns were observed in demographic-adjusted sensitivity analysis (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 145). Age, race, and ethnicity were not significantly associated with follow-up wellbeing scores, and treatment duration did not show additional associations beyond program progression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Findings suggest that participation in an arts-based social prescribing program was associated with improvements in mental health over time. The results contribute preliminary evidence of an association between participation in arts-based social prescribing and health, and support the need for further evaluation of social prescribing in controlled studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1799519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:52:31Z","timestamp":1777564351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in mental health during participation in Art Pharmacy: a longitudinal study of a U.S. arts-based social prescribing program"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Rabinowitz Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Art Pharmacy, SocialRx Inc","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"DiMilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Art Pharmacy, SocialRx Inc","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181bd8f55","article-title":"Diabetes and poor disease control: is comorbid depression associated with poor medication adherence or lack of treatment intensification?","volume":"71","author":"Katon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1704-y","article-title":"Depression and medication adherence in the treatment of chronic diseases in the United States: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Grenard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy177","article-title":"Associations between breast cancer survivorship and adverse mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Carreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNCI."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1466","article-title":"Association of mental health treatment with outcomes for US veterans diagnosed with non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Berchuck","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.09.035","article-title":"The robust reciprocal relationship between loneliness and depressive symptoms among the general population: evidence from a quantitative analysis of 37 studies","volume":"343","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac174","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and depressive symptoms: a twelve-year population study of temporal dynamics","volume":"78","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Murthy MD, MBA 19th and 21st SG of the USVAUSPHS","author":"Vivek","year":"2023"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Mental Health Care Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs)\n \n 2023"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Murthy MD, MBAVAUSPHSSG of the US","author":"Vivek","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Alonso\n J\n \n \n The New Plague on Campus: Loneliness. 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