{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:37:42Z","timestamp":1776926262441,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following recent research in the United Kingdom (UK) on the prevalence of parental alienating behaviors (PABs) as reported by separated parents, this study presents the first nationally representative investigation of the prevalence and impacts of PABs as reported by young adults in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 1,004 participants aged 18\u201325 completed an online survey assessing exposure to 30 established PABs, parental acceptance and rejection, and mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress, depression, and suicidality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results revealed that 98.3% of participants reported experiencing at least one PAB from a parent during childhood, with over half reporting exposure to ten or more behaviors. Approximately one-quarter experienced twenty or more behaviors. Males reported significantly higher exposure to PABs than females, though no other demographic differences were found. Exposure to PABs was significantly correlated with increased parental rejection and decreased parental acceptance, as well as elevated symptoms of PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide robust evidence that PABs are both widespread and psychologically harmful, underscoring their recognition as a form of family violence with long-term consequences. Implications include the need for comprehensive legal frameworks, enhanced clinical training, and public awareness initiatives to address and mitigate the effects of PABs on children and families. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand trajectories of resilience and vulnerability among affected individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1803173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:38:24Z","timestamp":1776922704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and impact of parental alienating behaviors (PABs) in adults aged 18\u201325 in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Hine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of West London","place":["Ealing, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Harman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University","place":["Fort Collins, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadie","family":"Leder-Elder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Point University","place":["High Point, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cumbria","place":["Carlisle, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/10502556.2018.1546031","article-title":"Parental alienation: a measurement tool","volume":"60","author":"Rowlands","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Divorce Remarriage."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14868","article-title":"Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: a survey of custody evaluators","volume":"67","author":"Bernet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"276","volume-title":"The Same Coin: Intimate Partner Violence, Child Abuse, and Parental Alienation","author":"Harman","year":"2022"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000175","article-title":"Parental alienating behaviors: an unacknowledged form of family violence","volume":"144","author":"Harman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X211032664","article-title":"Ten key findings on targeted parents' expereince: towards a broader definition of parental alienation","volume":"43","author":"Lee-Maturana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fam Issues."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1891\/PA-2022-0001","article-title":"Abused and rejected: the link between domestic violence and parental alienation","volume":"14","author":"Rowlands","year":"2023","journal-title":"Partner Abuse."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-023-00575-x","article-title":"Findings of abuse in families affected by parental alienation","volume":"40","author":"Sharples","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s42448-025-00227-1","article-title":"At what point does a behavior become child abuse? 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