{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:41:51Z","timestamp":1790152911855,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) cause approximately 95% of cervical cancers. The introduction of cytology screening has, however, significantly reduced morbidity and mortality rates. More recently, HPV DNA testing has been shown to be more sensitive than traditional cytology-based testing in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or worse (CIN2+). Self-sampling for HPV testing offers a viable alternative to clinician-performed sampling and could potentially increase participation rates in organized screening programs. Here, we compared the accuracy of self-collected vaginal samples with clinical-collected cervical samples for HPV-based screening and evaluated the acceptability of HPV self-sampling among Polish women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women with unclear or abnormal results at their last cytology screening were invited to participate. Each participant submitted two swabs for HPV testing: one clinical-collected cervical swab and one self-collected vaginal swab (Evalyn\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Brush). Both sample types were subsequently tested with the EUROArray HPV assay. Participants also completed a questionnaire to assess their experiences with the self-sampling procedure and express their opinions on it.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 180 women aged 30 to 70 years were recruited. The prevalence of high-risk (hr) HPV was 56.7% in clinician-collected samples and 55.0% in self-collected samples. Overall concordance for any HPV, hr-HPV and low-risk (lr) HPV detection between self-collected and clinician-collected samples was 88.9%, 86.1%, and 85.0%, respectively. Most participants found self-sampling comfortable (82.4%), useful (87.0%), and convenient (85.8%) and felt low\/very low stress (58.0%) while sampling. In total, 81.3% of the women reported that it was practically painless and 77.2% felt less embarrassed. Of the respondents, 51.1% preferred clinician-collected sampling, 40.9% preferred self-sampling, while 4.6% had no preference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaginal self-sampling using the Evalyn\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Brush showed substantial agreement with cervical clinician-sampling for HPV detection using the EUROArray HPV test. Self-sampling for HPV testing was well-accepted by the participants. It represents a feasible alternative for clinical sampling in Poland, which could be effectively integrated into the national HPV screening program.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1804719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1776749809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-risk and low-risk human papillomavirus detection in self-collected samples compared to clinician-collected samples in a Polish population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"G\u00f3ral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Department, Euroimmun Polska sp. z o.o.","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Liljander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Cavalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"International\n              WCRF\n            \n          \n          Cervical cancer statistics\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World","author":"Bruni","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_73_18","article-title":"Risk factors of cervical cancer: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820701504619","article-title":"Reasons for non-attendance at cervical screening as reported by non-attendees in Sweden","volume":"29","author":"Oscarsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet 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Cancer."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62218-7","article-title":"Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials","volume":"383","author":"Ronco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70570-9","article-title":"Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Arbyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"HPV Self-Sampling for Primary Cervical Cancer Screening: A Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy and Clinical Evidence","author":"Chao","year":"2018"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00077","article-title":"Self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing: increased cervical 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den Borst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2634-8","article-title":"EUROarray human papillomavirus (HPV) assay is highly concordant with other commercial assays for detection of high-risk HPV genotypes in women with high grade cervical abnormalities","volume":"35","author":"Cornall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000494","article-title":"Clinical utility of human papillomavirus genotyping in cervical cancer screening: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Bonde","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100293","article-title":"A study of type-specific HPV natural history and implications for contemporary cervical cancer screening 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